The System

The System

How Nepal is governed: three branches, three levels of government, and a free press that watches them all.

Every statement cites the Constitution or an official source; an editor is still reviewing this page.

The peopleVote for Parliament, provincial assemblies and local governments
The fourth estate: a free pressचौथो अङ्ग: स्वतन्त्र प्रेस Informs the public and watches all three branches.जनतालाई सूचित गर्छ र तीनै अङ्गको निगरानी गर्छ।
Colour = branch
  • Legislatureव्यवस्थापिका
  • Executiveकार्यपालिका
  • Judiciaryन्यायपालिका
  • Free press

Three levels of government

Nepal is a federal republic. State power is shared between the federation, the provinces and local levels, and each level has its own legislature, executive and judicial bodies.

Federalसङ्घ1 federal government१ सङ्घीय सरकारConstitution Art. 56(1)
Provincesप्रदेश7 provinces७ प्रदेशConstitution Art. 56(3); Schedule 4
Local levelsस्थानीय तह753 local levels: 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities७५३ स्थानीय तह: ६ महानगरपालिका, ११ उपमहानगरपालिका, २७६ नगरपालिका, ४६० गाउँपालिकाMinistry of Land Management, Cooperatives, Federal Affairs and General Administration Ministry home page, introduction
LevelLegislatureव्यवस्थापिकाExecutiveकार्यपालिकाJudiciaryन्यायपालिका
Federalसङ्घFederal Parliament: House of Representatives (275) and National Assembly (59)सङ्घीय संसद्: प्रतिनिधि सभा (२७५) र राष्ट्रिय सभा (५९)President (Head of State); Prime Minister and Council of Ministersराष्ट्रपति (राष्ट्राध्यक्ष); प्रधानमन्त्री र मन्त्रिपरिषद्Supreme Courtसर्वोच्च अदालत
Provincesप्रदेशProvincial Assembly (one House)प्रदेश सभा (एक सदन)Chief of Province (appointed by the President); Chief Minister and Provincial Council of Ministersप्रदेश प्रमुख (राष्ट्रपतिद्वारा नियुक्त); मुख्यमन्त्री र प्रदेश मन्त्रिपरिषद्High Court (one in each province)उच्च अदालत (प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा एक)
Local levelsस्थानीय तहRural Municipal Assembly or Municipal Assemblyगाउँ सभा वा नगर सभाChair or Mayor and the Rural Municipal or Municipal Executiveअध्यक्ष वा प्रमुख र गाउँ कार्यपालिका वा नगर कार्यपालिकाJudicial committee in every local level; District Courtsहरेक स्थानीय तहमा न्यायिक समिति; जिल्ला अदालत

Legislatureव्यवस्थापिका

Makes laws, approves the budget and holds the government to account.कानुन बनाउँछ, बजेट पारित गर्छ र सरकारलाई जवाफदेही बनाउँछ।

How Parliament is electedसंसद् कसरी निर्वाचित हुन्छ

House of Representativesप्रतिनिधि सभा Constitution Art. 84(1)

National Assemblyराष्ट्रिय सभा Constitution Art. 86(2)

How a bill becomes lawविधेयक कसरी कानुन बन्छ

  1. 1

    Introduced in either House. Money bills: only in the House of Representatives, and only by the government.जुनसुकै सदनमा पेस हुन्छ। अर्थ विधेयक: प्रतिनिधि सभामा मात्र, सरकारले मात्र।

    Constitution Art. 110(1)–(2)
  2. 2

    Debated and passed by that House.सो सदनमा छलफल भई पारित हुन्छ।

    Constitution Art. 111(1)
  3. 3

    Sent to the other House. The National Assembly has two months (15 days for a money bill) to return it.अर्को सदनमा पठाइन्छ। राष्ट्रिय सभाले दुई महिनाभित्र (अर्थ विधेयक भए १५ दिनभित्र) फिर्ता पठाउनुपर्छ।

    Constitution Art. 111(2), 111(5)
  4. 4

    Certified by the Speaker (or the Chair of the House where it started).सभामुख (वा विधेयक उत्पत्ति भएको सदनका अध्यक्ष) ले प्रमाणित गर्छन्।

    Constitution Art. 113(1)
  5. 5

    The President authenticates it within 15 days, or may send a non-money bill back once.राष्ट्रपतिले १५ दिनभित्र प्रमाणीकरण गर्छन्, वा अर्थ विधेयकबाहेकको विधेयक एक पटक फिर्ता पठाउन सक्छन्।

    Constitution Art. 113(2)–(4)
  6. 6

    It becomes an Act.यो ऐन बन्छ।

    Constitution Art. 113(5)
Key facts and articles
  • The Federal Parliament has two Houses: the House of Representatives and the National Assembly.सङ्घीय संसद्का दुई सदन छन्: प्रतिनिधि सभा र राष्ट्रिय सभा। Constitution Art. 83
  • House of Representatives: 275 members — 165 elected one per constituency (first past the post) and 110 elected by proportional vote for parties, with the whole country as one constituency. Term: five years unless dissolved earlier.प्रतिनिधि सभा: २७५ सदस्य — प्रत्येक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट एक (पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने) गरी १६५ र देशलाई एउटै निर्वाचन क्षेत्र मानी दललाई मत दिने समानुपातिक प्रणालीबाट ११०। कार्यकाल: पहिले नै विघटन नभए पाँच वर्ष। Constitution Arts 84(1), 85(1)
  • National Assembly: 59 members — 56 elected, eight from each province (at least three women, one Dalit and one person with a disability or from a minority), by an electoral college of provincial assembly members and local heads and deputies; 3 nominated by the President on the government's recommendation (at least one woman). A permanent House: members serve six years and one third retire every two years.राष्ट्रिय सभा: ५९ सदस्य — प्रत्येक प्रदेशबाट आठ जना (कम्तीमा तीन महिला, एक दलित र एक अपाङ्गता भएका व्यक्ति वा अल्पसङ्ख्यक) गरी ५६ जना प्रदेश सभा सदस्य र स्थानीय तहका प्रमुख तथा उपप्रमुख रहेको निर्वाचक मण्डलबाट निर्वाचित; नेपाल सरकारको सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रपतिबाट मनोनीत ३ (कम्तीमा एक महिला)। स्थायी सदन: सदस्यको कार्यकाल छ वर्ष र प्रत्येक दुई वर्षमा एक तिहाइ अवकाश। Constitution Art. 86(1)–(3)
  • A bill may start in either House, but a money bill (taxes, spending, borrowing) starts only in the House of Representatives and only as a government bill. A bill becomes an Act when the President authenticates it.विधेयक जुनसुकै सदनमा पेस हुन सक्छ, तर अर्थ विधेयक (कर, खर्च, ऋण) प्रतिनिधि सभामा मात्र र सरकारी विधेयकका रूपमा मात्र पेस हुन्छ। राष्ट्रपतिले प्रमाणीकरण गरेपछि विधेयक ऐन बन्छ। Constitution Arts 110(1)–(3), 113(5)
  • Each province has a single-House Provincial Assembly; its members are elected 60% by first past the post and 40% by proportional vote.प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा एक सदनात्मक प्रदेश सभा हुन्छ; यसका सदस्य ६० प्रतिशत पहिलो हुने निर्वाचित हुने र ४० प्रतिशत समानुपातिक प्रणालीबाट निर्वाचित हुन्छन्। Constitution Arts 175, 176(1), 176(3)
  • Each rural municipality and municipality has its own assembly that makes local laws.प्रत्येक गाउँपालिका र नगरपालिकाको स्थानीय कानुन बनाउने आफ्नै सभा हुन्छ। Constitution Arts 222, 223, 226(1)

Executiveकार्यपालिका

Runs the government day to day: carries out laws, delivers services and proposes the budget.दैनिक रूपमा सरकार चलाउँछ: कानुन कार्यान्वयन गर्छ, सेवा दिन्छ र बजेट प्रस्ताव गर्छ।

How a government is formedसरकार कसरी बन्छ

Results of the House of Representatives election are declaredप्रतिनिधि सभा निर्वाचनको अन्तिम परिणाम घोषणा हुन्छ
1Does one party hold a majority of seats?कुनै एक दलको बहुमत छ?
Yes The President appoints that party’s parliamentary leader as Prime Minister.राष्ट्रपतिले सो दलको संसदीय दलका नेतालाई प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्छन्। Constitution Art. 76(1)
2If not: can any member form a majority with the support of two or more parties?नभए: दुई वा बढी दलको समर्थनमा कुनै सदस्यले बहुमत पुर्‍याउन सक्छन्?
Yes That member is appointed Prime Minister and must win a vote of confidence within 30 days.ती सदस्य प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त हुन्छन् र ३० दिनभित्र विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्छ। Constitution Art. 76(2), 76(4)
3If that fails, or no one is appointed within 30 days of the results:त्यो असफल भए, वा परिणामको ३० दिनभित्र कोही नियुक्त नभए:
Yes The leader of the largest party is appointed and must win a vote of confidence within 30 days.सबैभन्दा ठूलो दलका नेता नियुक्त हुन्छन् र ३० दिनभित्र विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्छ। Constitution Art. 76(3), 76(4)
4If that Prime Minister loses the confidence vote:ती प्रधानमन्त्रीले विश्वासको मत पाएनन् भने:
Yes Any member who shows a basis for winning a confidence vote is appointed, and must then win it.विश्वासको मत पाउन सक्ने आधार देखाउने कुनै पनि सदस्य नियुक्त हुन्छन्, र उनले मत लिनुपर्छ। Constitution Art. 76(5), 76(6)
If that also fails, the President, on the Prime Minister’s recommendation, dissolves the House and calls an election to be completed within six months.त्यो पनि असफल भए राष्ट्रपतिले प्रधानमन्त्रीको सिफारिसमा प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन गरी छ महिनाभित्र निर्वाचन सम्पन्न हुने गरी मिति तोक्छन्। Constitution Art. 76(7)
  • The Prime Minister then forms the Council of Ministers: at most 25 ministers including the Prime Minister, chosen from members of Parliament on the inclusive principle.त्यसपछि प्रधानमन्त्रीले मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन गर्छन्: प्रधानमन्त्रीसहित बढीमा २५ मन्त्री, समावेशी सिद्धान्तअनुसार संसद्का सदस्यमध्येबाट। Constitution Art. 76(9)
  • The whole process must be completed within 35 days of the final results.सम्पूर्ण प्रक्रिया अन्तिम परिणाम घोषणा भएको ३५ दिनभित्र पूरा गर्नुपर्छ। Constitution Art. 76(8)
  • Later, the House can remove a Prime Minister through a no-confidence motion that names a replacement — but not in the first two years.पछि प्रतिनिधि सभाले उत्तराधिकारीको नाम प्रस्ताव गर्दै अविश्वासको प्रस्तावमार्फत प्रधानमन्त्रीलाई हटाउन सक्छ — तर पहिलो दुई वर्षभित्र होइन। Constitution Art. 100(4)–(7)
Key facts and articles
  • The President is Head of State, elected by an electoral college of Federal Parliament and Provincial Assembly members. The President's main duty is to abide by and protect the Constitution, and most functions are performed on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers.राष्ट्रपति राष्ट्राध्यक्ष हुन्, सङ्घीय संसद् र प्रदेश सभाका सदस्य रहेको निर्वाचक मण्डलबाट निर्वाचित। संविधानको पालना र संरक्षण गर्नु राष्ट्रपतिको मुख्य कर्तव्य हो, र अधिकांश काम मन्त्रिपरिषद्को सिफारिस र सम्मतिमा हुन्छन्। Constitution Arts 61(2), 61(4), 62(1), 66(2)
  • Executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister. All federal executive functions are performed in the name of the Government of Nepal.कार्यकारिणी अधिकार प्रधानमन्त्रीको अध्यक्षतामा रहेको मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा निहित हुन्छ। सङ्घका सबै कार्यकारी काम नेपाल सरकारको नाममा हुन्छन्। Constitution Arts 75(1), 75(3), 76(1)
  • The President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives; if no party has a majority, a member who can form a majority with two or more parties. A Prime Minister appointed that way must win a vote of confidence within thirty days.प्रतिनिधि सभामा बहुमत प्राप्त दलको नेतालाई राष्ट्रपतिले प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्छन्; कुनै दलको बहुमत नभए दुई वा बढी दलको समर्थनमा बहुमत पुर्‍याउन सक्ने सदस्यलाई। यसरी नियुक्त प्रधानमन्त्रीले तीस दिनभित्र विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्छ। Constitution Art. 76(1), (2), (4)
  • The Council of Ministers may have at most 25 ministers including the Prime Minister, chosen from members of the Federal Parliament. Ministers are collectively responsible to the Federal Parliament.मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा प्रधानमन्त्रीसहित बढीमा २५ मन्त्री हुन्छन्, सङ्घीय संसद्का सदस्यमध्येबाट। मन्त्रीहरू सङ्घीय संसद्प्रति सामूहिक रूपमा उत्तरदायी हुन्छन्। Constitution Art. 76(9), (10)
  • In each province the President appoints a Chief of Province; the Chief of Province appoints as Chief Minister the leader of the majority party in the Provincial Assembly.प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा राष्ट्रपतिले प्रदेश प्रमुख नियुक्त गर्छन्; प्रदेश प्रमुखले प्रदेश सभामा बहुमत प्राप्त दलको नेतालाई मुख्यमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्छन्। Constitution Arts 163(1)–(2), 168(1)
  • At the local level, executive power lies with the Rural Municipal Executive or Municipal Executive, led by a chair or mayor elected directly by local voters.स्थानीय तहमा कार्यकारिणी अधिकार गाउँ कार्यपालिका वा नगर कार्यपालिकामा हुन्छ, जसको नेतृत्व स्थानीय मतदाताले प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचित गरेका अध्यक्ष वा मेयरले गर्छन्। Constitution Arts 214(1), 215(1), 215(3)

Judiciaryन्यायपालिका

Interprets the Constitution and laws, settles disputes and protects rights.संविधान र कानुनको व्याख्या गर्छ, विवाद निरूपण गर्छ र अधिकारको रक्षा गर्छ।

The courtsअदालतहरू

  1. Supreme Courtसर्वोच्च अदालत1 · Chief Justice + up to 20 justices१ · प्रधान न्यायाधीश + बढीमा २० न्यायाधीशFinal word on the Constitution and laws; hears appeals; Constitutional Bench.संविधान र कानुनको अन्तिम व्याख्या; पुनरावेदन सुन्छ; संवैधानिक इजलास।Constitution Arts 128, 129(1), 133(4), 137
  2. High Courtsउच्च अदालत7 · one in each province७ · प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा एकHears appeals from District Courts and can issue writs to protect rights.जिल्ला अदालतका फैसलामाथि पुनरावेदन सुन्छ र हक संरक्षणका लागि रिट जारी गर्न सक्छ।Constitution Arts 139(1), 144(2)–(3)
  3. District Courtsजिल्ला अदालत77 · one in each district७७ · प्रत्येक जिल्लामा एकWhere most cases start.अधिकांश मुद्दा यहीँबाट सुरु हुन्छन्।Constitution · Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives, Federal Affairs and General Administration Art. 148(1); 77 districts per MoFAGA
  4. Local judicial committeesस्थानीय न्यायिक समिति753 · one in each local level७५३ · प्रत्येक स्थानीय तहमा एकSettle local disputes under law; subordinate to the District Court.कानुनबमोजिम स्थानीय विवाद निरूपण गर्छन्; जिल्ला अदालतको मातहत।Constitution Arts 148(2), 217(1)

Appeals
An appeal moves up one step: from a District Court to the High Court, and from there to the Supreme Court, as federal law provides.पुनरावेदन एक तह माथि जान्छ: जिल्ला अदालतबाट उच्च अदालत, र त्यहाँबाट सर्वोच्च अदालत, सङ्घीय कानुनबमोजिम।

Judges in Nepal are not elected. They are recommended by independent councils and appointed — so that courts can rule against those in power.नेपालमा न्यायाधीश निर्वाचित हुँदैनन्। उनीहरू स्वतन्त्र परिषद्को सिफारिसमा नियुक्त हुन्छन् — ताकि अदालतले शक्तिमा रहेकाहरूविरुद्ध पनि फैसला गर्न सकोस्।

How judges are appointed

Chief Justiceप्रधान न्यायाधीश
  1. Constitutional Council recommendsसंवैधानिक परिषद्ले सिफारिस गर्छ
  2. Parliamentary hearingसंसदीय सुनुवाइ
  3. President appoints · six-year termराष्ट्रपतिले नियुक्त गर्छन् · छ वर्षे कार्यकाल
Constitution Arts 129(2), 129(4), 284, 292
Supreme Court justicesसर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीश
  1. Judicial Council recommendsन्याय परिषद्ले सिफारिस गर्छ
  2. Parliamentary hearingसंसदीय सुनुवाइ
  3. President appointsराष्ट्रपतिले नियुक्त गर्छन्
Constitution Arts 129(2), 153, 292
High Court and District Court judgesउच्च र जिल्ला अदालतका न्यायाधीश
  1. Judicial Council recommendsन्याय परिषद्ले सिफारिस गर्छ
  2. Chief Justice appointsप्रधान न्यायाधीशले नियुक्त गर्छन्
Constitution Arts 140(1), 149(1)
Judicial Councilन्याय परिषद्
Chief Justice (chair), Minister for Law and Justice, senior-most Supreme Court justice, a jurist appointed on the Prime Minister’s recommendation, and a senior advocate or advocate with at least 20 years’ experience appointed on the Nepal Bar Association’s recommendationप्रधान न्यायाधीश (अध्यक्ष), कानुन तथा न्यायमन्त्री, सर्वोच्च अदालतका वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश, प्रधानमन्त्रीको सिफारिसमा नियुक्त एक कानुनविद्, र नेपाल बार एसोसिएसनको सिफारिसमा नियुक्त कम्तीमा २० वर्ष अनुभव भएका एक वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ता वा अधिवक्ता Constitution Art. 153(1)
Constitutional Councilसंवैधानिक परिषद्
Prime Minister (chair), Chief Justice, Speaker, Chair of the National Assembly, Leader of the Opposition and Deputy Speaker (plus the Law Minister when choosing a Chief Justice)प्रधानमन्त्री (अध्यक्ष), प्रधान न्यायाधीश, सभामुख, राष्ट्रिय सभाका अध्यक्ष, विपक्षी दलका नेता र उपसभामुख (प्रधान न्यायाधीश छान्दा कानुनमन्त्रीसमेत) Constitution Art. 284(1)–(2)
Key facts and articles
  • Powers relating to justice are exercised by the courts. There are three tiers: the Supreme Court, a High Court in each province, and District Courts.न्यायसम्बन्धी अधिकार अदालतले प्रयोग गर्छन्। अदालतका तीन तह छन्: सर्वोच्च अदालत, प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा उच्च अदालत, र जिल्ला अदालत। Constitution Arts 126(1), 127(1), 139(1)
  • The Supreme Court has the final authority to interpret the Constitution and laws, and everyone must follow its interpretations. It can declare a law void if it conflicts with the Constitution.संविधान र कानुनको अन्तिम व्याख्या गर्ने अधिकार सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई छ, र यसको व्याख्या सबैले पालना गर्नुपर्छ। संविधानसँग बाझिने कानुन यसले अमान्य घोषित गर्न सक्छ। Constitution Arts 128(2), 128(4), 133(1)
  • The Supreme Court has the Chief Justice and at most 20 other justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council and serves a six-year term; other justices are appointed on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.सर्वोच्च अदालतमा प्रधान न्यायाधीश र बढीमा २० अन्य न्यायाधीश हुन्छन्। संवैधानिक परिषद्को सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रपतिले प्रधान न्यायाधीश नियुक्त गर्छन्, जसको कार्यकाल छ वर्ष हुन्छ; अन्य न्यायाधीश न्याय परिषद्को सिफारिसमा नियुक्त हुन्छन्। Constitution Art. 129(1), (2), (4)
  • A Constitutional Bench — the Chief Justice and four justices — hears cases on whether laws are constitutional and disputes over powers between the federation, provinces and local levels.संवैधानिक इजलास — प्रधान न्यायाधीश र चार न्यायाधीश — ले कानुन संविधानसम्मत छ कि छैन र सङ्घ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहबीचको अधिकारक्षेत्रसम्बन्धी विवाद हेर्छ। Constitution Art. 137(1), 137(2)(a)
  • Each rural municipality and municipality has a three-member judicial committee, led by its vice-chair or deputy mayor, to settle local disputes under law.प्रत्येक गाउँपालिका र नगरपालिकामा कानुनबमोजिम स्थानीय विवाद निरूपण गर्न उपाध्यक्ष वा उपप्रमुखको संयोजकत्वमा तीन सदस्यीय न्यायिक समिति हुन्छ। Constitution Art. 217(1)

The fourth estate: a free pressचौथो अङ्ग: स्वतन्त्र प्रेस

Informs the public and watches all three branches.जनतालाई सूचित गर्छ र तीनै अङ्गको निगरानी गर्छ।

Journalism is not a branch of government under the Constitution, and should never be run by one. It is often called the “fourth estate” because a free press is how the public learns what the three branches do. The Constitution protects it as a right.संविधानअनुसार पत्रकारिता सरकारको अङ्ग होइन, र कुनै अङ्गले यसलाई चलाउनु हुँदैन। स्वतन्त्र प्रेसमार्फत नै जनताले तीनै अङ्गले के गर्छन् भन्ने थाहा पाउने भएकाले यसलाई प्रायः “चौथो अङ्ग” भनिन्छ। संविधानले यसलाई अधिकारका रूपमा संरक्षण गरेको छ।

  • No news, editorial, article or other material may be censored before publication or broadcast. Laws may impose only the reasonable restrictions the Constitution lists, such as on sedition, defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offence.कुनै पनि समाचार, सम्पादकीय, लेख वा अन्य सामग्रीको प्रकाशन वा प्रसारणमा पूर्वप्रतिबन्ध (सेन्सर) लगाइने छैन। संविधानमा उल्लेखित मनासिब प्रतिबन्ध मात्र कानुनले लगाउन सक्छ, जस्तै राजद्रोह, मानहानि, अदालतको अवहेलना वा अपराध गर्न दुरुत्साहन। Constitution Art. 19(1)
  • No press, radio, television or online outlet may be closed, seized or have its registration cancelled for what it publishes or broadcasts.प्रकाशन वा प्रसारण गरेकै कारणले कुनै छापाखाना, रेडियो, टेलिभिजन वा अनलाइन माध्यम बन्द, जफत वा दर्ता खारेज गरिने छैन। Constitution Art. 19(2)
  • No means of communication, including the press, may be interrupted except in accordance with law.कानुनबमोजिमबाहेक प्रेससहित कुनै पनि सञ्चार माध्यम अवरुद्ध गरिने छैन। Constitution Art. 19(3)
  • Every citizen has the right to demand and receive information on matters of public interest. The Right to Information Act sets out how, and a National Information Commission hears appeals.हरेक नागरिकलाई सार्वजनिक सरोकारको विषयमा सूचना माग्ने र पाउने हक छ। यसको प्रक्रिया सूचनाको हकसम्बन्धी ऐनले तोकेको छ, र राष्ट्रिय सूचना आयोगले पुनरावेदन सुन्छ। Constitution · Nepal Law Commission Art. 27; Right to Information Act, 2064

Who checks whom

No branch has the last word on everything. Each can limit the others.

Legislatureव्यवस्थापिकाchecksExecutiveकार्यपालिका

The House of Representatives can remove the Prime Minister by a no-confidence vote of a majority of all members (not in the first two years of a term). Parliament must approve the budget each year.प्रतिनिधि सभाले सबै सदस्यको बहुमतले अविश्वासको प्रस्ताव पारित गरी प्रधानमन्त्रीलाई हटाउन सक्छ (नियुक्तिको पहिलो दुई वर्षभित्र होइन)। संसद्ले हरेक वर्ष बजेट पारित गर्नुपर्छ।

Constitution Arts 100(4), 100(6), 119(1)
Legislatureव्यवस्थापिकाchecksJudiciaryन्यायपालिका

Parliament holds hearings before judges and heads of constitutional bodies take office, and a two-thirds majority of the House can impeach a justice for serious violation of the Constitution or misconduct.न्यायाधीश र संवैधानिक निकायका प्रमुख नियुक्त हुनुअघि संसद्ले सुनुवाइ गर्छ, र संविधानको गम्भीर उल्लङ्घन वा खराब आचरणमा सदनको दुई तिहाइ बहुमतले न्यायाधीशमाथि महाभियोग लगाउन सक्छ।

Constitution Arts 101(2), 292(1)
Judiciaryन्यायपालिकाchecksLegislatureव्यवस्थापिका

The Supreme Court can strike down any law that conflicts with the Constitution.संविधानसँग बाझिने जुनसुकै कानुन सर्वोच्च अदालतले अमान्य गर्न सक्छ।

Constitution Art. 133(1)
Judiciaryन्यायपालिकाchecksExecutiveकार्यपालिका

Court orders bind everyone, including the government; the Supreme Court can issue orders to enforce fundamental rights.अदालतका आदेश सरकारसहित सबैलाई बाध्यकारी हुन्छन्; मौलिक हक प्रचलन गराउन सर्वोच्च अदालतले आदेश जारी गर्न सक्छ।

Constitution Arts 126(2), 133(2)
Executiveकार्यपालिकाchecksLegislatureव्यवस्थापिका

The President may send a bill (except a money bill) back to Parliament once for reconsideration; if both Houses pass it again, it must be authenticated within fifteen days.राष्ट्रपतिले अर्थ विधेयकबाहेकको विधेयक एक पटक पुनर्विचारका लागि संसद्मा फिर्ता पठाउन सक्छन्; दुवै सदनले फेरि पारित गरे पन्ध्र दिनभित्र प्रमाणीकरण गर्नुपर्छ।

Constitution Art. 113(3)–(4)
The fourth estate: a free pressचौथो अङ्ग: स्वतन्त्र प्रेसchecksAll three branches

A free press and the public's right to information let citizens see and question what every branch does.स्वतन्त्र प्रेस र जनताको सूचनाको हकले हरेक अङ्गले गरेको काम नागरिकलाई देख्न र प्रश्न गर्न सक्षम बनाउँछ।

Constitution Arts 19, 27

Independent watchdogs

Heads of these constitutional bodies are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, chaired by the Prime Minister and including the Chief Justice, the Speaker, the Chair of the National Assembly, the Leader of the Opposition and the Deputy Speaker.यी संवैधानिक निकायका प्रमुख प्रधानमन्त्रीको अध्यक्षतामा प्रधान न्यायाधीश, सभामुख, राष्ट्रिय सभाका अध्यक्ष, विपक्षी दलका नेता र उपसभामुख रहेको संवैधानिक परिषद्को सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रपतिबाट नियुक्त हुन्छन्।

Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authorityअख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग

Investigates corruption and abuse of authority by public office holders.सार्वजनिक पद धारण गरेका व्यक्तिको भ्रष्टाचार र अख्तियारको दुरुपयोगको अनुसन्धान गर्छ।

Constitution Arts 238–239
Auditor Generalमहालेखा परीक्षक

Audits how public money was spent; six-year term.सार्वजनिक पैसा कसरी खर्च भयो भन्ने लेखापरीक्षण गर्छ; कार्यकाल छ वर्ष।

Constitution Art. 240
Election Commissionनिर्वाचन आयोग

Conducts and supervises elections at every level and prepares voter rolls; a chief and four commissioners.सबै तहको निर्वाचन सञ्चालन र सुपरिवेक्षण गर्छ र मतदाता नामावली तयार गर्छ; प्रमुख र चार आयुक्त।

Constitution Arts 245–246
National Human Rights Commissionराष्ट्रिय मानव अधिकार आयोग

Respects, protects and promotes human rights and ensures they are enforced.मानव अधिकारको सम्मान, संरक्षण र संवर्द्धन गर्छ र प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन सुनिश्चित गर्छ।

Constitution Arts 248–249

Sources

  1. The Constitution of Nepal (2nd amendment, English translation) Checked 2026-10-11
  2. Right to Information Act, 2064 (2007) Checked 2026-10-11
  3. Ministry home page: 77 district coordination committees, 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities and 460 rural municipalities, 753 local levels in all Checked 2026-10-11

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