Economy
The private sectorनिजी क्षेत्र
Who invests, what Nepal sells and buys, where household savings go, how hard it is to run a business, and where the law draws the line between lawful wealth and corruption. Official figures, each with its date and source.कसले लगानी गर्छ, नेपालले के बेच्छ र के किन्छ, घरपरिवारको बचत कहाँ जान्छ, व्यवसाय चलाउन कति कठिन छ, र कानूनले वैध सम्पत्ति र भ्रष्टाचारबीच कहाँ रेखा कोर्छ। आधिकारिक तथ्याङ्क, प्रत्येकको मिति र स्रोतसहित।
Where each headline figure comes from
- 73.5%७३.५% of Nepal's investment in fixed assets was made by the private sector in FY 2025/26 (preliminary; 57.7% in 2024/25)आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा नेपालको स्थिर पुँजी लगानीमध्ये निजी क्षेत्रको हिस्सा (प्रारम्भिक; २०२४/२५ मा ५७.७%) Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Table 4, rows 'Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)' and 'Private'; share calculated by Policy Nepal
- 125.4%१२५.४% Bank and financial institution deposits as a share of GDP in FY 2025/26 (provisional; 77.3% in 2015/16)आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको तुलनामा बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाको निक्षेप (अस्थायी; २०१५/१६ मा ७७.३%) Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Annex 26 'Monetary Indicators (as percentage of nominal GDP)', column Deposits
- 62.9%६२.९% of outstanding bank credit was secured against land and buildings at mid-July 2026 (64.7% a year earlier)२०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा बैंक कर्जाको जग्गा र भवन धितोमा रहेको हिस्सा (एक वर्षअघि ६४.७%) Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक para 69, p. 10
- 15%१५% of Nepal's goods imports were matched by goods exports in FY 2025/26 (provisional)आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा वस्तु आयातको तुलनामा वस्तु निर्यातको अनुपात (अस्थायी) Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Annex 11 'Direction of Foreign Trade (Annual Series)'; ratio calculated by Policy Nepal
What Nepal sells and buys
Between FY 2016/17 and FY 2025/26, exports grew from Rs 73.0 bn to Rs 315 bn and imports grew from Rs 990 bn to Rs 2,096 bnआ.व. २०१६/१७ देखि आ.व. २०२५/२६ सम्म निर्यात रु. ७३.० अर्बबाट बढेर रु. ३१५ अर्ब पुग्यो र आयात रु. ९९० अर्बबाट बढेर रु. २,०९६ अर्ब पुग्यो (preliminary) (प्रारम्भिक)
Nepal bought Rs 2,096.38 billion of goods from abroad in FY 2025/26 and sold Rs 315.29 billion, a goods trade deficit of Rs 1,781.09 billion. Fuel, edible oil, iron and steel, machinery, vehicles and phones are the largest imports. The largest export is refined soybean oil, while crude soybean oil is the second-largest import.आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा नेपालले विदेशबाट रु. २,०९६.३८ अर्बको वस्तु किन्यो र रु. ३१५.२९ अर्बको बेच्यो; वस्तु व्यापार घाटा रु. १,७८१.०९ अर्ब। इन्धन, खाने तेल, फलाम र स्टिल, मेसिनरी, सवारी साधन र मोबाइल फोन सबैभन्दा ठूला आयात हुन्। सबैभन्दा ठूलो निर्यात प्रशोधित भटमासको तेल हो, र कच्चा भटमास तेल दोस्रो ठूलो आयात हो। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक · Department of Customsभन्सार विभाग
Goods trade by year, as a table
| Fiscal year | Exports, Rs bn | Imports, Rs bn | Exports as % of imports (Policy Nepal calculation) | Figure status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016/17२०१६/१७ | 73.05७३.०५ | 990.11९९०.११ | 7.4%७.४% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2017/18२०१७/१८ | 81.36८१.३६ | 1,245.10१,२४५.१० | 6.5%६.५% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2018/19२०१८/१९ | 97.11९७.११ | 1,418.54१,४१८.५४ | 6.8%६.८% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2019/20२०१९/२० | 97.71९७.७१ | 1,196.80१,१९६.८० | 8.2%८.२% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2020/21२०२०/२१ | 141.12१४१.१२ | 1,539.84१,५३९.८४ | 9.2%९.२% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2021/22२०२१/२२ | 200.03२००.०३ | 1,920.45१,९२०.४५ | 10.4%१०.४% | revised |
| 2022/23२०२२/२३ | 157.14१५७.१४ | 1,611.73१,६११.७३ | 9.7%९.७% | revised |
| 2023/24२०२३/२४ | 152.38१५२.३८ | 1,592.99१,५९२.९९ | 9.6%९.६% | revised |
| 2024/25२०२४/२५ | 277.03२७७.०३ | 1,804.12१,८०४.१२ | 15.4%१५.४% | revised |
| 2025/26२०२५/२६ | 315.29३१५.२९ | 2,096.38२,०९६.३८ | 15.0%१५.०% | provisional or preliminary |
Largest exports FY 2082/83 (mid-July 2025 to mid-July 2026)
Largest imports FY 2082/83 (mid-July 2025 to mid-July 2026)
Customs figures are preliminary and come from the 24 major customs offices that use the ASYCUDA system.भन्सार तथ्याङ्क प्रारम्भिक हुन् र एसाइकुडा प्रणाली प्रयोग गर्ने २४ प्रमुख भन्सार कार्यालयबाट लिइएका हुन्।
Who Nepal trades with
| Country | Nepal bought, Rs bn | Share of imports | Nepal sold, Rs bn | Share of exports |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indiaभारत | 1,210.60१,२१०.६० | 57.75%५७.७५% | 258.65२५८.६५ | 82.04%८२.०४% |
| Chinaचीन | 425.25४२५.२५ | 20.28%२०.२८% | 1.89१.८९ | 0.60%०.६०% |
| Argentinaअर्जेन्टिना | 116.39११६.३९ | 5.55%५.५५% | 0.02०.०२ | 0.01%०.०१% |
| United Arab Emiratesसंयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स | 52.17५२.१७ | 2.49%२.४९% | 1.84१.८४ | 0.58%०.५८% |
| United Statesसंयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | 32.72३२.७२ | 1.56%१.५६% | 20.77२०.७७ | 6.59%६.५९% |
Services and remittances
- Nepal also sells services. In FY 2025/26 it earned Rs 90.05 billion from foreign visitors (travel), while Nepalis spent Rs 209.10 billion travelling abroad, Rs 141.92 billion of it on education. Exports of computer, telecom and information services were Rs 24.86 billion.नेपालले सेवा पनि बेच्छ। आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा विदेशी आगन्तुकबाट (भ्रमण) रु. ९०.०५ अर्ब आम्दानी भयो, जबकि नेपालीले विदेश भ्रमणमा रु. २०९.१० अर्ब खर्च गरे, जसमध्ये रु. १४१.९२ अर्ब शिक्षामा। कम्प्युटर, दूरसञ्चार र सूचना सेवाको निर्यात रु. २४.८६ अर्ब थियो। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक NRB paras 34-35 and Table 3, p. 5 (travel); Table 35(A), row 1.A.b.9 total, credit (telecommunication, computer and information services)
- Remittances, money sent home by Nepalis working abroad, were Rs 2,363.13 billion in FY 2025/26: more than seven times the value of goods exports and about 113% of the value of goods imports.विदेशमा काम गर्ने नेपालीले घर पठाएको रकम, विप्रेषण, आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा रु. २,३६३.१३ अर्ब थियो: वस्तु निर्यातको सात गुणाभन्दा बढी र वस्तु आयातको मूल्यको करिब ११३%। Policy Nepal calculation from the official figures. Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक para 36 and Table 3, pp. 5-6; ratios to goods exports and imports (paras 26-28) calculated by Policy Nepal
Where savings go
Bank deposits rose from 77.3% of GDP in FY 2015/16 to 125.4% in FY 2025/26बैंक निक्षेप आ.व. २०१५/१६ मा कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको ७७.३% बाट बढेर आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा १२५.४% पुग्यो
Most Nepali households own their homes, and most bank lending is secured on land and buildings. But bank deposits have grown faster than the economy: they were larger than a full year's GDP in FY 2025/26. Deposits are what banks lend from, to businesses, hydropower developers, traders and home buyers.अधिकांश नेपाली घरपरिवारको आफ्नै घर छ, र अधिकांश बैंक कर्जा जग्गा र भवनको धितोमा दिइन्छ। तर बैंक निक्षेप अर्थतन्त्रभन्दा छिटो बढेको छ: आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा यो एक वर्षको कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनभन्दा ठूलो थियो। बैंकले यही निक्षेपबाट व्यवसाय, जलविद्युत् प्रवर्द्धक, व्यापारी र घर किन्नेलाई कर्जा दिन्छन्। National Statistics Officeराष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय · Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
Deposits and private credit as a share of GDP, as a table
| Fiscal year | Deposits, % of GDP | Credit to the private sector, % of GDP | Figure status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015/16२०१५/१६ | 77.3%७७.३% | 64.9%६४.९% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2016/17२०१६/१७ | 74.7%७४.७% | 64.9%६४.९% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2017/18२०१७/१८ | 79.3%७९.३% | 70.7%७०.७% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2018/19२०१८/१९ | 83.8%८३.८% | 75.4%७५.४% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2019/20२०१९/२० | 98.7%९८.७% | 84.3%८४.३% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2020/21२०२०/२१ | 107.1%१०७.१% | 95.1%९५.१% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2021/22२०२१/२२ | 102.1%१०२.१% | 94.2%९४.२% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2022/23२०२२/२३ | 106.4%१०६.४% | 91.4%९१.४% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2023/24२०२३/२४ | 112.0%११२.०% | 90.3%९०.३% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2024/25२०२४/२५ | 117.2%११७.२% | 90.7%९०.७% | revised |
| 2025/26२०२५/२६ | 125.4%१२५.४% | 90.8%९०.८% | provisional or preliminary |
- 81% of households own the home they live in and 15% rent (2022/23). In the Kathmandu Valley urban area, 53.4% rent.८१% घरपरिवार आफ्नै घरमा बस्छन् र १५% भाडामा (२०२२/२३)। काठमाडौं उपत्यकाको सहरी क्षेत्रमा ५३.४% भाडामा बस्छन्। National Statistics Officeराष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय Section 4.2 Occupancy status and Figure 4.1, printed p. 37
- Deposits in banks and financial institutions were Rs 8,276.93 billion at mid-July 2026 (up 13.9% in the year) and their lending to the private sector Rs 5,857.06 billion (up 6.5%).२०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थामा निक्षेप रु. ८,२७६.९३ अर्ब (वर्षभरिमा १३.९% वृद्धि) र निजी क्षेत्रमा तिनको कर्जा रु. ५,८५७.०६ अर्ब (६.५% वृद्धि) थियो। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक paras 63, 66, p. 10
- Individuals held Rs 5,349.69 billion of deposits at mid-July 2026, about 64% of the Rs 8,310.94 billion total in NRB's deposit table (a wider total than the Rs 8,276.93 billion in the report text).२०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा व्यक्तिहरूको निक्षेप रु. ५,३४९.६९ अर्ब थियो, राष्ट्र बैंकको निक्षेप तालिकाको कुल रु. ८,३१०.९४ अर्बको करिब ६४% (प्रतिवेदनको पाठमा भएको रु. ८,२७६.९३ अर्बभन्दा फराकिलो कुल)। Policy Nepal calculation from the official figures. Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Table 51 'Deposits', row 9 Individuals and Total (mid-July 2026, provisional); share calculated by Policy Nepal
- 62.9% of outstanding bank credit was secured against land and buildings at mid-July 2026, down from 64.7% a year earlier.२०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा बैंकको बाँकी कर्जाको ६२.९% जग्गा र भवनको धितोमा थियो, एक वर्षअघि ६४.७% थियो। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक para 69, p. 10
- Home loans to individuals (Rs 474.04 billion) and real-estate loans (Rs 267.63 billion, of which land purchase and plotting Rs 67.24 billion) made up about 12.5% of bank credit at mid-July 2026.२०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा व्यक्तिगत आवास कर्जा (रु. ४७४.०४ अर्ब) र घरजग्गा कर्जा (रु. २६७.६३ अर्ब, जसमध्ये जग्गा खरिद र प्लटिङ रु. ६७.२४ अर्ब) बैंक कर्जाको करिब १२.५% थिए। Policy Nepal calculation from the official figures. Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Table 54 'Productwise Outstanding Credit', rows 6, 7 and 7.d.i and Total (mid-July 2026, provisional); share calculated by Policy Nepal
- Households still borrow more from relatives (42.5% of loans) than from banks (22.4%); 11.4% of loans come from moneylenders (2022/23).घरपरिवारले अझै बैंक (२२.४%) भन्दा आफन्त (कर्जाको ४२.५%) बाट बढी ऋण लिन्छन्; ११.४% कर्जा साहुमहाजनबाट आउँछ (२०२२/२३)। National Statistics Officeराष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय Executive summary, item 17 Household Loans, printed p. 6; Table 17.2, p. 285
- There were 7.639 million share (demat) accounts at mid-March 2026, equal to about 26% of the population. One person can hold more than one account, so this is not a count of investors. The stock market's value was Rs 4,463.55 billion, 67.6% of GDP, at mid-July 2026.२०२६ मार्च मध्यमा ७६ लाख ३९ हजार शेयर (डिम्याट) खाता थिए, जनसङ्ख्याको करिब २६% बराबर। एक व्यक्तिको एकभन्दा बढी खाता हुन सक्ने भएकाले यो लगानीकर्ताको सङ्ख्या होइन। २०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा शेयर बजारको मूल्य रु. ४,४६३.५५ अर्ब, कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको ६७.६% थियो। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय · Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ES 2025/26 para 4.48 and Table 4(h), pp. 72-73; NRB Table 63 'Stock Market Indicators'
- Cooperatives held Rs 1,029.57 billion of members' savings at mid-March 2026, across 32,325 cooperatives with 10.161 million members.२०२६ मार्च मध्यमा ३२,३२५ सहकारीका १ करोड १ लाख ६१ हजार सदस्यको रु. १,०२९.५७ अर्ब बचत सहकारीमा थियो। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय paras 4.61-4.64, p. 76
What households use remittances for
| Use | 2010/11२०१०/११ | 2022/23२०२२/२३ |
|---|---|---|
| Daily consumptionदैनिक उपभोग | 69.3%६९.३% | 72.3%७२.३% |
| Repaying loansऋण तिर्न | 15.9%१५.९% | 13.5%१३.५% |
| Educationशिक्षा | 3.4%३.४% | 5.6%५.६% |
| Household assetsघरायसी सम्पत्ति | 3.7%३.७% | 2.0%२.०% |
| Savingsबचत | 1.0%१.०% | 2.5%२.५% |
| Investmentsलगानी | 4.3%४.३% | 1.3%१.३% |
| Otherअन्य | 2.5%२.५% | 2.7%२.७% |
How deposits become investment
- A deposit is not money sitting idle. Banks lend most of what is deposited with them: at mid-July 2026, lending to the private sector equalled about 71% of deposits.निक्षेप थन्किएर बसेको पैसा होइन। बैंकले आफूकहाँ जम्मा भएको धेरैजसो रकम कर्जा दिन्छन्: २०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा निजी क्षेत्रको कर्जा निक्षेपको करिब ७१% बराबर थियो। Policy Nepal calculation from the official figures. Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक paras 63, 66, p. 10; ratio calculated by Policy Nepal
- Large projects borrow from banks. At mid-July 2026, banks had Rs 504.68 billion lent to electricity projects and Rs 162.23 billion to highways, bridges and other heavy construction.ठूला आयोजनाले बैंकबाट ऋण लिन्छन्। २०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा बैंकले बिजुली आयोजनामा रु. ५०४.६८ अर्ब र राजमार्ग, पुल र अन्य भारी निर्माणमा रु. १६२.२३ अर्ब कर्जा दिएका थिए। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Table 52 'Sectorwise Outstanding Credit', rows 7.5 Electricity and 4.3 Heavy Constructions (mid-July 2026, provisional)
- Savings in cooperatives have carried risk: of 23 cooperatives declared problematic, three had been liquidated by mid-March 2026, and 80,087 claimants had filed claims totalling Rs 47.60 billion.सहकारीमा राखिएको बचत जोखिममा परेको छ: समस्याग्रस्त घोषित २३ सहकारीमध्ये २०२६ मार्च मध्यसम्म तीनवटा खारेज भइसकेका थिए, र ८०,०८७ दाबीकर्ताले रु. ४७.६० अर्बको दाबी गरेका थिए। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय Economic Survey 2025/26 para 4.64, p. 76
Doing business
Firms asked for a bribe fell from 14.4% in 2013 to 6.2% in 2023घुस मागिएका फर्म २०१३ को १४.४% बाट २०२३ मा ६.२% मा झरे
Company registration is fast on paper: the law gives the Company Registrar seven days. Fewer firms now report being asked for bribes than a decade ago, according to the World Bank's firm survey. But firms still lose time to regulation, power cuts and competition from unregistered businesses, and the law gives company registration, industry registration and investment approval to different offices while also providing for a one-stop service centre.कागजमा कम्पनी दर्ता छिटो छ: कानूनले कम्पनी रजिस्ट्रारलाई सात दिन दिएको छ। विश्व बैंकको फर्म सर्वेक्षणअनुसार एक दशकअघिको तुलनामा अहिले कम फर्मले घुस मागिएको बताउँछन्। तर फर्मले अझै नियमन, बिजुली कटौती र दर्ता नभएका व्यवसायसँगको प्रतिस्पर्धामा समय र पैसा गुमाउँछन्, र कानूनले कम्पनी दर्ता, उद्योग दर्ता र लगानी स्वीकृति फरक-फरक कार्यालयलाई दिएको छ, साथै एकद्वार सेवा केन्द्रको व्यवस्था पनि गरेको छ। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग · World Bank
The legal steps
- Register the companyकम्पनी दर्ता
Every company registers with the Office of the Company Registrar, which must register a valid application within seven days and issue a certificate. Documents can be filed electronically.हरेक कम्पनी कम्पनी रजिस्ट्रारको कार्यालयमा दर्ता हुन्छ, जसले रीतपूर्वकको निवेदन सात दिनभित्र दर्ता गरी प्रमाणपत्र दिनुपर्छ। कागजात विद्युतीय रूपमा पेस गर्न सकिन्छ। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Sections 5 and 11, pp. 7, 10; Section 166, p. 133
Read the law and its gaps - Register the industryउद्योग दर्ता
No industry may operate without registration. The federal Department of Industry registers large industries, those with foreign investment, those needing a licence and those working across provinces; provinces register the rest.दर्ता नगरी कुनै उद्योग सञ्चालन गर्न पाइँदैन। सङ्घीय उद्योग विभागले ठूला, विदेशी लगानीका, इजाजत चाहिने र एकभन्दा बढी प्रदेशमा काम गर्ने उद्योग दर्ता गर्छ; बाँकी प्रदेशले दर्ता गर्छन्। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Sections 3-5 and 4A, pp. 3-6
Read the law and its gaps - Foreign investment approvalविदेशी लगानी स्वीकृति
Foreign investors apply to the Department of Industry, which must approve a complete application, or give written reasons for refusal, within seven days. Some sectors, such as retail trade and real-estate trading, are closed to foreign investment.विदेशी लगानीकर्ताले उद्योग विभागमा निवेदन दिन्छन्, जसले पूरा निवेदन सात दिनभित्र स्वीकृत गर्नुपर्छ वा अस्वीकृतिको लिखित कारण दिनुपर्छ। खुद्रा व्यापार र घरजग्गा कारोबारजस्ता केही क्षेत्र विदेशी लगानीका लागि बन्द छन्। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Sections 15-17, pp. 9-11; Section 3 and Schedule, pp. 4-5, 29-30
Read the law and its gaps - One-stop serviceएकद्वार सेवा
The Industrial Enterprises Act provides for a One-Stop Service Centre to give registration, licences, foreign-investment approval and incentives from one place, and the foreign investment law says services are to be delivered through it.औद्योगिक व्यवसाय ऐनले दर्ता, इजाजत, विदेशी लगानी स्वीकृति र सुविधा एकै ठाउँबाट दिन एकद्वार सेवा केन्द्रको व्यवस्था गरेको छ, र विदेशी लगानी कानूनले सेवा यसैमार्फत दिइने भनेको छ। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग IEA Sections 37-38, pp. 33-35; FITTA Section 42, p. 26
Read the law and its gaps
How many firms register
- 369,646 companies were registered at mid-March 2026, 97.5% of them private limited companies; 15,363 were added in the first eight months of FY 2025/26. The fewest registrations in the past ten years were in FY 2024/25 (14,130).२०२६ मार्च मध्यसम्म ३,६९,६४६ कम्पनी दर्ता भएका थिए, जसमध्ये ९७.५% प्राइभेट लिमिटेड; आ.व. २०२५/२६ को पहिलो आठ महिनामा १५,३६३ थपिए। पछिल्लो दस वर्षमा सबैभन्दा कम दर्ता आ.व. २०२४/२५ मा भयो (१४,१३०)। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय paras 8.17-8.19 and Table 8(i), p. 123
- 11,140 industries were registered with the Department of Industry at mid-March 2026, with Rs 3.728 trillion of approved investment. Approved investment is a commitment, not money spent.२०२६ मार्च मध्यसम्म उद्योग विभागमा ११,१४० उद्योग दर्ता थिए, जसको स्वीकृत लगानी रु. ३७ खर्ब २८ अर्ब थियो। स्वीकृत लगानी प्रतिबद्धता हो, खर्च भएको रकम होइन। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय paras 8.5-8.6, p. 116
What firms report
| Indicator | 2009२००९ | 2013२०१३ | 2023२०२३ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Firms asked for a bribe at least once (in six public transactions)कम्तीमा एक पटक घुस मागिएका फर्म (छवटा सार्वजनिक कारोबारमा) IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS | 15.1%१५.१% | 14.4%१४.४% | 6.2%६.२% |
| Firms making informal payments to public officialsसार्वजनिक अधिकारीलाई अनौपचारिक भुक्तानी गर्ने फर्म IC.FRM.CORR.ZS | 15.1%१५.१% | 14.3%१४.३% | 3.4%३.४% |
| Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officialsकर अधिकारीसँगको भेटमा उपहार दिनुपर्ने अपेक्षा गरिएका फर्म IC.TAX.GIFT.ZS | 14.9%१४.९% | 10.4%१०.४% | 4.7%४.७% |
| Firms competing against unregistered firmsदर्ता नभएका फर्मसँग प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्ने फर्म IC.FRM.CMPU.ZS | 49.4%४९.४% | 55.7%५५.७% | 37.7%३७.७% |
| Firms experiencing power cutsबिजुली कटौती भोगेका फर्म IC.ELC.OUTG.ZS | 98.7%९८.७% | 62.8%६२.८% | 75.8%७५.८% |
| Firms using banks to finance investmentलगानीका लागि बैंक कर्जा प्रयोग गर्ने फर्म IC.FRM.BNKS.ZS | 17.5%१७.५% | 17.0%१७.०% | 33.4%३३.४% |
| Senior managers' time spent on government regulationsसरकारी नियमनमा वरिष्ठ व्यवस्थापकको समय IC.GOV.DURS.ZS | 6.5%६.५% | 1.4%१.४% | 7.1%७.१% |
- Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 gives Nepal 34 out of 100 (0 means highly corrupt, 100 very clean), ranking it 109th of 182. It measures perceptions of public-sector corruption, not proven cases.ट्रान्सपरेन्सी इन्टरनेसनलको भ्रष्टाचार अनुभूति सूचकाङ्क २०२५ ले नेपाललाई १०० मा ३४ अङ्क (० अति भ्रष्ट, १०० अति स्वच्छ) दिएको छ, र १८२ मध्ये १०९ औँ स्थानमा राखेको छ। यसले सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रको भ्रष्टाचारको धारणा नाप्छ, प्रमाणित मुद्दा होइन। Transparency International CPI 2025: score 34, rank 109 of 182
Lawful wealth and corruption
Where the law draws the line
Neither Act makes lawful earnings an offence. Their offences concern how money is obtained or handled: public servants taking bribes or holding property they cannot explain, anyone who gives a bribe, and dealing with property that comes from crime. Businesses do have duties under these laws, such as banks' customer checks, but income earned lawfully is not corruption.कुनै पनि ऐनले कानूनबमोजिमको आम्दानीलाई कसुर मान्दैन। तिनका कसुर पैसा कसरी आर्जन वा प्रयोग गरियो भन्नेसँग सम्बन्धित छन्: राष्ट्रसेवकले घुस लिने वा स्रोत देखाउन नसकिने सम्पत्ति राख्ने, जोसुकैले घुस दिने, र अपराधबाट आएको सम्पत्तिको कारोबार गर्ने। यी कानूनअन्तर्गत व्यवसायका पनि दायित्व छन्, जस्तै बैंकले ग्राहक पहिचान गर्नुपर्ने, तर कानूनबमोजिम कमाएको आम्दानी भ्रष्टाचार होइन। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग
Briberyघुस
Section 3 punishes taking and giving bribes ('रिसवत लिने दिनेलाई सजाय'): a public servant who takes a bribe for doing or not doing something in their office faces prison on a scale tied to the amount, up to 10-14 years above Rs 10 crore, plus a fine equal to the amount.दफा ३ ले घुस लिने र दिने दुवैलाई सजाय गर्छ ('रिसवत लिने दिनेलाई सजाय'): आफ्नो ओहदासम्बन्धी काम गर्न वा नगर्न घुस लिने राष्ट्रसेवकलाई रकमअनुसार कैद हुन्छ, रु. १० करोडभन्दा माथि १० देखि १४ वर्षसम्म, साथै बिगोबमोजिम जरिवाना। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Section 3, PDF p. 6
Read the ActIllicit enrichment by public servantsराष्ट्रसेवकको गैरकानूनी सम्पत्ति आर्जन
If a public servant's assets or lifestyle are out of line with their means, they must prove where the money came from; otherwise the property is treated as illegally acquired. This duty applies to public servants, not to private citizens in general.राष्ट्रसेवकको सम्पत्ति वा जीवनशैली आफ्नो हैसियतभन्दा बाहिर देखिए उनले रकमको स्रोत प्रमाणित गर्नुपर्छ; नत्र सम्पत्ति गैरकानूनी आर्जन मानिन्छ। यो दायित्व राष्ट्रसेवकमा लागू हुन्छ, सामान्य नागरिकमा होइन। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Section 20, PDF p. 18
Read the ActWho counts as a public servantराष्ट्रसेवक को हो
The 2081 amendment widened the term. Besides officials of the federal, provincial and local governments and public institutions, it covers anyone paid from public funds and some consultants and valuers working on public contracts.२०८१ को संशोधनले यो परिभाषा फराकिलो बनायो। सङ्घ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय सरकार तथा सार्वजनिक संस्थाका पदाधिकारीबाहेक सार्वजनिक कोषबाट पारिश्रमिक पाउने जोकोही र सार्वजनिक ठेक्कामा काम गर्ने केही परामर्शदाता र मूल्याङ्कनकर्तासमेत यसमा पर्छन्। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Sections 1(2), 2(ग)-(घ), PDF pp. 1-4
Read the ActMoney launderingसम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरण
It is an offence to convert, transfer, hide or use property while knowing, or having reasonable grounds to believe, that it comes from crime. Banks and other 'reporting institutions' must identify customers and report suspicious transactions.अपराधबाट आएको हो भन्ने थाहा भएर वा विश्वास गर्ने मनासिब आधार भएर सम्पत्ति रूपान्तरण, हस्तान्तरण, लुकाउने वा प्रयोग गर्ने कार्य कसुर हो। बैंक र अन्य सूचक संस्थाले ग्राहक पहिचान गरी शङ्कास्पद कारोबारको सूचना दिनुपर्छ। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Sections 3-5, PDF pp. 12-15; Sections 6-7ङ, PDF pp. 15-21
Read the ActCases filed
- In FY 2081/82 the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority filed 137 cases at the Special Court: 135 for corruption and 2 for money laundering. The largest groups were bribery (37), illegal gain or loss (35), fake educational certificates (27), loss to public property (24) and illicit assets (8).आ.व. २०८१/८२ मा अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोगले विशेष अदालतमा १३७ मुद्दा दायर गर्यो: १३५ भ्रष्टाचार र २ सम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरणका। सबैभन्दा धेरै घुस रिसवत (३७), गैरकानूनी लाभ हानि (३५), नक्कली शैक्षिक प्रमाणपत्र (२७), सार्वजनिक सम्पत्तिको हानि नोक्सानी (२४) र गैरकानूनी सम्पत्ति आर्जन (८) सम्बन्धी थिए। Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authorityअख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग Report summary para 15, p.(घ) (PDF p.15); section 3.8, printed p.289
- The Special Court decided 393 CIAA cases during the year; guilt was established in full or in part in 207 (52.67%).वर्षभरिमा विशेष अदालतले आयोगका ३९३ मुद्दाको फैसला गर्यो; २०७ (५२.६७%) मा पूर्ण वा आंशिक रूपमा कसुर कायम भयो। Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authorityअख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग Report summary para 16, p.(घ); Table 3.12, printed pp.289-290
Investment, sectors and jobs
The private sector made 73.5% of fixed investment in FY 2025/26आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा स्थिर लगानीको ७३.५% निजी क्षेत्रले गर्यो (preliminary) (प्रारम्भिक)
Private firms and households make most of the investment in buildings, machinery and infrastructure in most years, and most jobs are in farming, trade, manufacturing and construction.धेरैजसो वर्ष भवन, मेसिनरी र पूर्वाधारमा हुने लगानीको ठूलो हिस्सा निजी फर्म र घरपरिवारले गर्छन्, र धेरैजसो रोजगारी कृषि, व्यापार, उत्पादनमूलक उद्योग र निर्माणमा छ।
Investment by who made it, as a table
| Fiscal year | Private, Rs bn | Government, Rs bn | State-owned enterprises, Rs bn | Private share | Figure status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015/16२०१५/१६ | 470.7४७०.७ | 142.8१४२.८ | 135.2१३५.२ | 62.9%६२.९% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2016/17२०१६/१७ | 555.7५५५.७ | 243.5२४३.५ | 141.6१४१.६ | 59.1%५९.१% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2017/18२०१७/१८ | 778.5७७८.५ | 253.2२५३.२ | 89.2८९.२ | 69.5%६९.५% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2018/19२०१८/१९ | 983.3९८३.३ | 221.9२२१.९ | 99.7९९.७ | 75.4%७५.४% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2019/20२०१९/२० | 885.0८८५.० | 206.8२०६.८ | 93.0९३.० | 74.7%७४.७% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2020/21२०२०/२१ | 945.0९४५.० | 270.7२७०.७ | 61.2६१.२ | 74.0%७४.०% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2021/22२०२१/२२ | 1,079.5१,०७९.५ | 295.9२९५.९ | 66.9६६.९ | 74.8%७४.८% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2022/23२०२२/२३ | 843.7८४३.७ | 396.1३९६.१ | 80.0८०.० | 63.9%६३.९% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2023/24२०२३/२४ | 850.1८५०.१ | 447.8४४७.८ | 114.0११४.० | 60.2%६०.२% | as published (not marked revised or provisional) |
| 2024/25२०२४/२५ | 842.9८४२.९ | 496.6४९६.६ | 122.0१२२.० | 57.7%५७.७% | revised |
| 2025/26२०२५/२६ | 1,273.1१,२७३.१ | 330.5३३०.५ | 129.6१२९.६ | 73.5%७३.५% | provisional or preliminary |
Where people work
Share of employed people by industry, 2017/18 (latest completed Labour Force Survey).उद्योगअनुसार रोजगारीमा रहेकाको हिस्सा, २०१७/१८ (पछिल्लो सम्पन्न श्रमशक्ति सर्वेक्षण)।
Where bank credit goes
Where bank credit goes: outstanding loans by sector at mid-July 2026 (provisional), Rs billion.बैंक कर्जा कहाँ जान्छ: २०२६ जुलाई मध्यमा क्षेत्रअनुसार बाँकी कर्जा (अस्थायी), रु. अर्ब।
- Services make up about three-fifths of the economy (61.81% of gross value added in FY 2025/26, preliminary), agriculture about a quarter (24.46%) and industry about a seventh (13.73%).अर्थतन्त्रमा सेवाको हिस्सा करिब तीन-पाँचौँ (आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा कुल मूल्य अभिवृद्धिको ६१.८१%, प्रारम्भिक), कृषिको करिब एक-चौथाइ (२४.४६%) र उद्योगको करिब एक-सातौँ (१३.७३%) छ। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय para 1.44, p. 15
- Foreign direct investment in manufacturing was Rs 94.54 billion at mid-July 2025, 27.8% of all FDI stock; surveyed foreign-invested manufacturers used 59.4% of their capacity on average in FY 2024/25.२०२५ जुलाई मध्यमा उत्पादनमूलक उद्योगमा प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी लगानी रु. ९४.५४ अर्ब थियो, कुल विदेशी लगानीको २७.८%; सर्वेक्षण गरिएका विदेशी लगानीका उत्पादक उद्योगले आ.व. २०२४/२५ मा औसत ५९.४% क्षमता प्रयोग गरे। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक Table 8, p. 21; para 5.12
Policy record
What the latest budget announced for business
Measures in the FY 2083/84 (2026/27) budget speech that affect private business. These are announcements; this page will record what is implemented as official reports are published.आ.व. २०८३/८४ को बजेट भाषणमा निजी व्यवसायलाई असर गर्ने उपायहरू। यी घोषणा हुन्; आधिकारिक प्रतिवेदन प्रकाशित हुँदै जाँदा कार्यान्वयन भएको कुरा यस पृष्ठमा राखिनेछ।
- Budget 2083/84: private-sector industrial zones (Motipur, Mayurdhap); a single 'Special Economic Administrative Area' for SEZ decisions; electricity demand-charge review; 'Business Revival Loans'; Employment-Linked Production Zones for labour-intensive export industries; a Mines and Minerals Authority (paras 27, 55).बजेट २०८३/८४: निजी क्षेत्रबाट औद्योगिक क्षेत्र (मोतीपुर, मयूरधाप); विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्रका निर्णयका लागि एकल 'विशेष आर्थिक प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र'; बिजुली माग शुल्क पुनरावलोकन; 'व्यवसाय पुनरुत्थान कर्जा'; श्रम-सघन निर्यात उद्योगका लागि रोजगारी-आबद्ध उत्पादन क्षेत्र; खानी तथा खनिज प्राधिकरण (अनुच्छेद २७, ५५)। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
- Budget 2083/84: a National Asset Management Company for non-performing loans and repossessed assets; individual credit scoring and regulated peer-to-peer lending; long-term fixed-rate credit for agriculture, industry, tourism and hydropower; a stronger National Cooperative Regulatory Authority and a revolving fund to repay depositors of problem cooperatives (paras 29, 60).बजेट २०८३/८४: निष्क्रिय कर्जा र गैरबैङ्किङ सम्पत्ति व्यवस्थापनका लागि राष्ट्रिय सम्पत्ति व्यवस्थापन कम्पनी; व्यक्तिगत कर्जा मूल्याङ्कन र नियमित पियर-टु-पियर कारोबार; कृषि, उद्योग, पर्यटन र जलविद्युत्मा दीर्घकालीन स्थिर ब्याजदरको कर्जा; राष्ट्रिय सहकारी नियमन प्राधिकरणलाई बलियो बनाउने र समस्याग्रस्त सहकारीका निक्षेपकर्ता भुक्तानीका लागि घुम्ती कोष (अनुच्छेद २९, ६०)। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
- Budget 2083/84: 50% income-tax rebate on IT service-export income; tax exemption for sweat equity in IT firms; legal provisions for remote work for foreign employers; outward investment for IT firms; sale of part of the government's Nepal Telecom shares to fund a 'Tech Hub'; a 'Sovereign AI Compute Center' (paras 17-18, 68).बजेट २०८३/८४: सूचना प्रविधि सेवा निर्यात आयमा ५० प्रतिशत आयकर छुट; सूचना प्रविधि कम्पनीको श्रम-शेयर (स्वेट इक्विटी) मा कर छुट; विदेशी रोजगारदाताका लागि रिमोट कामको कानूनी व्यवस्था; सूचना प्रविधि कम्पनीलाई विदेशमा लगानी; 'टेक हब' का लागि नेपाल टेलिकममा सरकारी शेयरको केही अंश बिक्री; 'सार्वभौम एआई कम्प्युट केन्द्र' (अनुच्छेद १७–१८, ६८)। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
- Budget 2083/84: integrated online land administration in 35 municipalities with Landowner Identification Numbers; Vision Kathmandu 2040; mandatory insurance when approving building construction (paras 22, 50(l), 60(e)).बजेट २०८३/८४: जग्गाधनी परिचय नम्बरसहित ३५ नगरपालिकामा एकीकृत अनलाइन भूमि प्रशासन; भिजन काठमाडौँ २०४०; भवन निर्माण स्वीकृत गर्दा बीमा अनिवार्य (अनुच्छेद २२, ५० (ठ), ६० (ङ))। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
- Budget 2083/84: Remittance-Investment Matching Fund; programme to use returnees' skills (para 54(a)).बजेट २०८३/८४: विप्रेषण-लगानी म्याचिङ कोष; फर्केकाको सीप उपयोग कार्यक्रम (अनुच्छेद ५४ (क))। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
Announcements are plans, not results.
Discuss the choices
Starter discussions by Policy Nepal editors set out the evidence and options. Anyone can suggest changes.
Where next
Last checked 2026-10-18 · Next scheduled check 2026-11-18. We recheck these figures every month with Nepal Rastra Bank’s monthly statistics, and when the budget, the Economic Survey, customs annual trade statistics or a new Living Standards or Labour Force Survey is published. A newer figure is added beside the older one.
Change history
- 2026-10-18 — Page created from official NRB, Customs, NSO, Economic Survey, law and World Bank Enterprise Survey data.राष्ट्र बैंक, भन्सार, राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय, आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण, कानून र विश्व बैंक उद्यम सर्वेक्षणको आधिकारिक तथ्याङ्कबाट पृष्ठ बनाइयो।
How we know this
- Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक: Current Macroeconomic and Financial Situation — Tables (Based on Annual Data of 2025/26) Checked 2026-10-18
- Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक: Current Macroeconomic and Financial Situation of Nepal — English (Based on Annual Data of 2025/26) Checked 2026-10-18
- Department of Customs, Government of Nepalभन्सार विभाग: Nepal Foreign Trade Statistics, based on annual data (Shrawan–Asar) of FY 2082/83 (mid-July 2025 to mid-July 2026) Checked 2026-10-18
- Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepalअर्थ मन्त्रालय: Economic Survey 2025/26 (English unofficial translation of आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण २०८२/८३) Checked 2026-10-18
- Central Bureau of Statistics (now National Statistics Office), Government of Nepal: Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 2017/18 Checked 2026-10-11
- Nepal Rastra Bank, Economic Research Department: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nepal (2024/25): A Survey Report Checked 2026-10-11
- Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepalअर्थ मन्त्रालय: Budget Speech for Fiscal Year 2026/27 (2083/84), English unofficial translation Checked 2026-10-11
- National Statistics Office, Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Government of Nepalराष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय, प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय: Nepal Living Standards Survey IV 2022/23: Statistical Report Checked 2026-10-18
- Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security, Government of Nepalश्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय: Nepal Labour Migration Report 2024 Checked 2026-10-18
- World Bank (Enterprise Surveys, via World Development Indicators): Nepal: Enterprise Surveys indicators IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS, IC.FRM.CORR.ZS, IC.TAX.GIFT.ZS, IC.FRM.CMPU.ZS, IC.ELC.OUTG.ZS, IC.FRM.BNKS.ZS, IC.GOV.DURS.ZS Checked 2026-10-18
- Transparency International: Nepal: Corruption Perceptions Index country page Checked 2026-10-11
- Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authorityअख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग: पैँतिसौँ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, आर्थिक वर्ष २०८१/८२ (35th Annual Report, FY 2081/82) Checked 2026-10-11
- Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepalनेपाल कानून आयोग: कम्पनी ऐन, २०६३ (Companies Act, 2063), consolidated Nepali text Checked 2026-10-11
- Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepalनेपाल कानून आयोग: औद्योगिक व्यवसाय ऐन, २०७६ (Industrial Enterprises Act, 2076), consolidated Nepali text Checked 2026-10-11
- Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepalनेपाल कानून आयोग: विदेशी लगानी तथा प्रविधि हस्तान्तरण ऐन, २०७५ (Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 2075), consolidated Nepali text Checked 2026-10-11
- Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepalनेपाल कानून आयोग: भ्रष्टाचार निवारण ऐन, २०५९ (Prevention of Corruption Act, 2059), consolidated text Checked 2026-10-18
- Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepalनेपाल कानून आयोग: सम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरण (मनी लाउन्डरिङ्ग) निवारण ऐन, २०६४ (Asset (Money) Laundering Prevention Act, 2064), consolidated text Checked 2026-10-11
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