Under Nepal’s Constitution, a motion of no confidence, which a quarter of the members of the House of Representatives can table, must name the next Prime Minister, and the leader of the Opposition party sits on the Constitutional Council that recommends constitutional appointments. This page sets out the record of government terms, those rules, which parties are outside the government today and options other democracies use, with sources. Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 100(4)–(7), 284(1)(e)
Nepali translation awaiting review
Policy Nepal does not judge any party’s conduct. The figures come from the Prime Minister’s Office list, the Constitution and the parliament directory; where a fact is not sourced, the page says so.
31terms of a head of government listed since 1990 (2046–2047 BS) by the Prime Minister’s Office
14different people held those terms
9terms since the 2015 Constitution, before the current government
16months on average that one person stayed Prime Minister without a break, since 2015
How many terms of a head of government since 1990?
Since 1990 (2046–2047 BS) the Office of the Prime Minister lists 31 terms of a head of government before the current government, held by 14 people; 29 of those terms began with a different person from the one before. 15 terms began in 2065 BS or later, after Nepal became a republic. Since the Constitution was promulgated in 2015 there have been 9 terms before the current one (8 with a different person from the one before), lasting 424 days on average (median 307 days). Counting a reappointment of the same person without a break as one spell, the average spell since 2015 is 477 days (median 365 days). Across all 14 terms with exact dates the average term is 439 days.सन् १९९० (वि.सं. २०४६–२०४७) देखि हालको सरकारअघिसम्म प्रधानमन्त्री कार्यालयले सरकार प्रमुखका ३१ कार्यकाल सूचीकृत गरेको छ, जुन १४ जनाले सम्हाले; तीमध्ये २९ कार्यकाल अघिल्लो भन्दा फरक व्यक्तिबाट सुरु भए। १५ कार्यकाल वि.सं. २०६५ वा त्यसपछि, नेपाल गणतन्त्र भएपछि सुरु भए। सन् २०१५ मा संविधान जारी भएपछि हालको सरकारअघि ९ कार्यकाल भए (८ अघिल्लो भन्दा फरक व्यक्तिबाट), जसको औसत अवधि ४२४ दिन (मध्यक ३०७ दिन) छ। एउटै व्यक्तिको बिनाअन्तराल पुनर्नियुक्तिलाई एउटै अवधि मान्दा सन् २०१५ पछिको औसत अवधि ४७७ दिन (मध्यक ३६५ दिन) हुन्छ। ठ्याक्कै मिति भएका सबै १४ कार्यकालको औसत ४३९ दिन हो।Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministersप्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय
Counts follow the Office of the Prime Minister’s own list of former prime ministers. Each listed term counts once, so a reappointment of the same person (for example KP Sharma Oli on 2078/01/30 BS, or Girija Prasad Koirala’s consecutive terms) is a separate term; the page also shows how many terms began with a different person. “Since 1990” means terms listed from 2046–2047 BS onwards (the list gives only years for that period). The list gives exact dates only from 2066 BS, so averages use the terms with exact dates; earlier terms are counted but not measured. Day counts and AD dates are Policy Nepal conversions from the BS dates; where one term ends and the next begins on the same day, day counts can differ by one.गणना प्रधानमन्त्री कार्यालयकै पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूचीअनुसार हो। सूचीमा भएको हरेक कार्यकाल एक पटक गनिएको छ, त्यसैले एउटै व्यक्तिको पुनर्नियुक्ति (जस्तै २०७८/०१/३० मा केपी शर्मा ओली, वा गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाका लगातारका कार्यकाल) छुट्टै कार्यकाल हो; कति कार्यकाल फरक व्यक्तिबाट सुरु भए भन्ने पनि पृष्ठले देखाउँछ। “सन् १९९० देखि” भन्नाले सूचीमा वि.सं. २०४६–२०४७ देखिका कार्यकाल (त्यस अवधिका लागि सूचीमा वर्ष मात्र छ)। सूचीमा वि.सं. २०६६ देखि मात्र ठ्याक्कै मिति छ, त्यसैले औसत ठ्याक्कै मिति भएका कार्यकालबाट निकालिएको छ; अघिल्ला कार्यकाल गनिएका छन् तर नापिएका छैनन्। दिनको गणना र ईस्वी मिति पोलिसी नेपालले वि.सं. मितिबाट रूपान्तरण गरेको हो; एउटा कार्यकाल सकिएकै दिन अर्को सुरु हुँदा दिनको गणना एक दिनले फरक पर्न सक्छ।
Ended when the Supreme Court overturned the dissolution of the House and ordered the President to appoint Sher Bahadur Deuba Prime Minister under Article 76(5).सर्वोच्च अदालतले प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन उल्टाई धारा ७६(५) अनुसार शेरबहादुर देउवालाई प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्न राष्ट्रपतिलाई आदेश दिएपछि अन्त्य भयो।The Kathmandu PostKP 12 Jul 2021, paragraph 1Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministersप्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालयEntry ३८
How a government is formed and keptसरकार कसरी बन्छ र टिक्छ
The President appoints the leader of the party with a majority in the House of Representatives as Prime Minister. If no party has a majority, a member who can command a majority with two or more parties is appointed; failing that, the leader of the largest party.प्रतिनिधि सभामा बहुमत भएको दलको नेतालाई राष्ट्रपतिले प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गर्नुहुन्छ। कुनै दलको बहुमत नभए दुई वा बढी दलको समर्थनमा बहुमत पुर्याउन सक्ने सदस्य, नसके सबैभन्दा ठूलो दलको नेता नियुक्त हुन्छन्।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 76(1)–(3), p. 42
A Prime Minister appointed with the support of two or more parties, or as leader of the largest party, must win a vote of confidence within 30 days. If a coalition Prime Minister fails, the leader of the largest party is appointed. If that Prime Minister also fails, a member who can show a basis for winning confidence with two or more parties is appointed and must win it too.दुई वा बढी दलको समर्थनमा वा सबैभन्दा ठूलो दलको नेताका रूपमा नियुक्त प्रधानमन्त्रीले ३० दिनभित्र विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्छ। गठबन्धनका प्रधानमन्त्री असफल भए सबैभन्दा ठूलो दलको नेता नियुक्त हुन्छन्। ती प्रधानमन्त्री पनि असफल भए दुई वा बढी दलको समर्थनमा विश्वासको मत पाउन सक्ने आधार देखाउने सदस्य नियुक्त हुन्छन् र उनले पनि मत लिनुपर्छ।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 76(2)–(6), pp. 42–43
If that member also fails, or no Prime Minister can be appointed, the President dissolves the House of Representatives on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and sets an election to be completed within six months.ती सदस्य पनि असफल भए वा प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त हुन नसके प्रधानमन्त्रीको सिफारिसमा राष्ट्रपतिले प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन गरी छ महिनाभित्र निर्वाचन सम्पन्न हुने गरी मिति तोक्नुहुन्छ।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 76(7), p. 43
The Prime Minister and ministers are collectively responsible to the Federal Parliament.प्रधानमन्त्री र मन्त्रीहरू सङ्घीय संसद्प्रति सामूहिक रूपमा उत्तरदायी हुन्छन्।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 76(10), p. 44
If the Prime Minister’s party splits or a coalition partner withdraws support, the Prime Minister must seek a vote of confidence within 30 days.प्रधानमन्त्रीको दल विभाजित भए वा गठबन्धनको कुनै दलले समर्थन फिर्ता लिए प्रधानमन्त्रीले ३० दिनभित्र विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्छ।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 100(2), p. 54
How the House can remove a governmentसदनले सरकार कसरी हटाउन सक्छ
One quarter of all members of the House of Representatives may table a motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister.प्रतिनिधि सभाका कुल सदस्यमध्ये एक चौथाइले प्रधानमन्त्रीमाथि अविश्वासको प्रस्ताव दर्ता गर्न सक्छन्।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 100(4), p. 54
No such motion may be tabled in the first two years after a Prime Minister is appointed, nor within one year after a motion has failed.प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त भएको पहिलो दुई वर्ष र एक पटक अविश्वासको प्रस्ताव असफल भएपछि एक वर्षसम्म त्यस्तो प्रस्ताव दर्ता गर्न पाइँदैन।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 100(4) proviso, p. 54
The motion must name the member proposed as the next Prime Minister. If a majority of all members adopts it, that member is appointed.प्रस्तावमा अर्को प्रधानमन्त्रीका लागि प्रस्तावित सदस्यको नाम हुनुपर्छ। कुल सदस्यको बहुमतले पारित गरे ती सदस्य नियुक्त हुन्छन्।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 100(5)–(7), p. 54
Where parties outside the government take partसरकारबाहिरका दल कहाँ सहभागी हुन्छन्
The Leader of the Opposition party in the House of Representatives is a member of the Constitutional Council, which recommends the Chief Justice and the heads and members of the constitutional bodies.प्रतिनिधि सभाको विपक्षी दलको नेता संवैधानिक परिषद्का सदस्य हुन्छन्; यो परिषद्ले प्रधान न्यायाधीश र संवैधानिक निकायका प्रमुख तथा पदाधिकारी नियुक्तिको सिफारिस गर्छ।Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोगArt. 284(1)(e), p. 166
Under the House of Representatives Rules, 2026, the Speaker ruled that the Prime Minister answer members’ questions on 26 August 2026: one member from each parliamentary party, with up to 15 more questions shared among the parties in proportion to their strength.प्रतिनिधि सभा नियमावली, २०८३ अनुसार सभामुखले प्रधानमन्त्रीले २६ अगस्ट २०२६ मा सांसदका प्रश्नको जवाफ दिनुपर्ने रुलिङ गर्नुभयो: हरेक संसदीय दलबाट एक सदस्य, र दलहरूको सङ्ख्याको अनुपातमा बाँडिने थप १५ सम्म प्रश्न।The Kathmandu PostArticle body (Rules 56–60)
Which parties are outside the government today?
The Prime Minister’s party, RSP, holds 182 of the 275 seats in the House of Representatives; a majority is 138. प्रधानमन्त्रीको दल रास्वपा सँग प्रतिनिधि सभाका २७५ सिटमध्ये १८२ सिट छ; बहुमतका लागि १३८ सिट चाहिन्छ। Every other party with House seats and none of its members of Parliament in the Council of Ministers is shown here as outside the government: 5 parties with 92 seats. This is Policy Nepal’s grouping: the Constitution refers to a single Opposition party, whose leader sits on the Constitutional Council, and which party the Speaker recognises is not yet recorded here.प्रतिनिधि सभामा सिट भएका र आफ्ना कुनै संसद् सदस्य मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा नभएका अरू सबै दललाई यहाँ सरकारबाहिर देखाइएको छ: ५ दल, ९२ सिट। यो पोलिसी नेपालको वर्गीकरण हो: संविधानले एउटै विपक्षी दलको उल्लेख गर्छ, जसका नेता संवैधानिक परिषद्मा हुन्छन्; सभामुखले कुन दललाई मान्यता दिनुभएको छ भन्ने यहाँ अझै अभिलेख छैन।Federal Parliament of Nepalसङ्घीय संसद्
RSPरास्वपा: 182 seats१८२ सिटPrime Minister’s party
Parties outside the government with seats only in the National Assembly: JSP Nepal (3), Rastriya Janamorcha (1).राष्ट्रिय सभामा मात्र सिट भएका सरकारबाहिरका दल: जसपा नेपाल (३), राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा (१)।
Committees chaired by members of parties outside the government
The House of Representatives’ Public Accounts Committee, whose remit under the House rules includes the Auditor General’s annual report, is chaired by a member of Nepali Congress, a party outside the government. नियमावलीअनुसार महालेखापरीक्षकको वार्षिक प्रतिवेदनसमेत कार्यक्षेत्रमा पर्ने प्रतिनिधि सभाको सार्वजनिक लेखा समितिको अध्यक्षता नेपाली काँग्रेस (सरकारबाहिरको दल) का सदस्यले गर्नुभएको छ। Of 18 committees with a known chair, 6 are chaired by members of parties outside the government:अध्यक्ष थाहा भएका १८ समितिमध्ये ६ को अध्यक्षता सरकारबाहिरका दलका सदस्यले गर्छन्:Federal Parliament of Nepalसङ्घीय संसद्
Parliamentary Special Committee on Disaster-related Study and Monitoring of the Bhote Koshi and Kali Gandaki Corridorsभोटेकोशी एवम् कालीगण्डकी करिडोर विपद् सम्बन्धी अध्ययन तथा अनुगमन संसदीय विशेष समिति National Assembly — Nepali Congressनेपाली काँग्रेस
How other democracies organise a constructive opposition
These are options used elsewhere, shown with what each would change in Nepal and the trade-offs. Policy Nepal does not recommend one.
Remove a government only by electing a successorउत्तराधिकारी चुनेर मात्र सरकार हटाउने
Germany; Spainजर्मनी; स्पेन
Germany’s Bundestag can remove the Chancellor only by electing a successor with a majority of its members. In Spain a motion of censure must include a candidate for President of the Government and needs an absolute majority; if it fails, its signatories cannot submit another in the same session.जर्मनीको बुन्डेस्टागले सदस्यको बहुमतले उत्तराधिकारी चुनेर मात्र चान्सलर हटाउन सक्छ। स्पेनमा निन्दा प्रस्तावमा सरकार प्रमुखका लागि उम्मेदवार हुनुपर्छ र पूर्ण बहुमत चाहिन्छ; असफल भए हस्ताक्षरकर्ताले सोही अधिवेशनमा अर्को प्रस्ताव ल्याउन पाउँदैनन्।Federal Ministry of Justice · Congreso de los DiputadosBasic Law Art. 67; Spanish Constitution Art. 113
In Nepal: Nepal’s no-confidence motion already names the next Prime Minister and cannot be tabled in a Prime Minister’s first two years. The difference is elsewhere: under Article 100(2) a Prime Minister must seek a fresh vote of confidence whenever their party splits or a coalition partner withdraws, and losing it ends the government without a successor being chosen in the same vote. The option would be to change that rule so a government falls only when a majority elects a successor.नेपालको अविश्वास प्रस्तावमा पहिले नै अर्को प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम हुन्छ र प्रधानमन्त्रीको पहिलो दुई वर्ष त्यस्तो प्रस्ताव ल्याउन पाइँदैन। फरक अर्को ठाउँमा छ: धारा १००(२) अनुसार प्रधानमन्त्रीको दल विभाजित भए वा गठबन्धनको दलले समर्थन फिर्ता लिए प्रधानमन्त्रीले फेरि विश्वासको मत लिनुपर्छ, र त्यो हारे सोही मतमा उत्तराधिकारी नचुनिकनै सरकार ढल्छ। विकल्प भनेको बहुमतले उत्तराधिकारी चुनेपछि मात्र सरकार ढल्ने गरी त्यो नियम बदल्नु हो।
Arguments for and against: Policy Nepal’s summary, not taken from the sources above
For: a government falls only when an alternative majority is ready.पक्षमा: वैकल्पिक बहुमत तयार भएपछि मात्र सरकार ढल्छ।
Against: a weak government with no majority can stay in office if its opponents cannot agree on a successor.विपक्षमा: बहुमत नभएको कमजोर सरकार पनि विपक्षीहरू उत्तराधिकारीमा सहमत हुन नसके पदमा रहन सक्छ।
Shadow cabinetछाया मन्त्रिपरिषद्
United Kingdomसंयुक्त अधिराज्य (बेलायत)
The Leader of the Opposition appoints senior spokespeople who mirror the Cabinet. Each leads on one policy area, questions the minister they shadow and develops the party’s policy, so the opposition presents itself as a government-in-waiting.विपक्षी नेताले मन्त्रिपरिषद्कै ढाँचामा वरिष्ठ प्रवक्ता नियुक्त गर्छन्। हरेकले एउटा नीति क्षेत्र हेर्छन्, सम्बन्धित मन्त्रीलाई प्रश्न गर्छन् र दलको नीति बनाउँछन्; यसरी विपक्ष पर्खिरहेको सरकारका रूपमा प्रस्तुत हुन्छ।UK Parliament · Institute for GovernmentUK Parliament glossary; IfG explainer, opening section
In Nepal: We found no rule in our sources that creates a shadow cabinet in Nepal; a party could set one up on its own.हाम्रा स्रोतमा नेपालमा छाया मन्त्रिपरिषद् बनाउने नियम भेटिएन; दलले आफैँ बनाउन सक्छ।
Arguments for and against: Policy Nepal’s summary, not taken from the sources above
For: ministers face a named, informed counterpart, and voters see the alternative policy.पक्षमा: मन्त्रीले नाम तोकिएको, जानकार प्रतिपक्षीसँग सामना गर्छन् र मतदाताले वैकल्पिक नीति देख्छन्।
Against: it works best with one clear main opposition party; with many small parties the roles are harder to assign.विपक्षमा: एउटा स्पष्ट प्रमुख विपक्षी दल हुँदा राम्रो काम गर्छ; धेरै साना दल हुँदा भूमिका बाँड्न गाह्रो हुन्छ।
Opposition daysविपक्षी दिन
United Kingdomसंयुक्त अधिराज्य (बेलायत)
The House of Commons sets aside 20 days each session for debates on subjects chosen by the opposition parties, under Standing Order 14.हाउस अफ कमन्सले स्थायी आदेश १४ अनुसार हरेक अधिवेशनमा विपक्षी दलले छानेका विषयमा बहसका लागि २० दिन छुट्याउँछ।UK ParliamentUK Parliament glossary
In Nepal: The Speaker’s ruling under the House of Representatives Rules, 2026 gave every parliamentary party a question to the Prime Minister; we have not found a rule that reserves whole sitting days for opposition business.प्रतिनिधि सभा नियमावली, २०८३ अनुसारको सभामुखको रुलिङले हरेक संसदीय दललाई प्रधानमन्त्रीलाई प्रश्न सोध्ने अवसर दियो; विपक्षी विषयका लागि पूरै बैठक दिन छुट्याउने नियम हामीले भेटेका छैनौं।
Arguments for and against: Policy Nepal’s summary, not taken from the sources above
For: the opposition can bring its own alternatives to a vote instead of only reacting.पक्षमा: विपक्षले प्रतिक्रिया मात्र नदिई आफ्नै विकल्प मतदानमा ल्याउन सक्छ।
Against: these days use sitting time that would otherwise go to government business.विपक्षमा: यी दिनले सरकारी कामका लागि हुने बैठकको समय लिन्छन्।
How most terms ended (resignation, a lost vote, a coalition partner withdrawing or a court order) is not yet sourced here; those rows say “Not yet sourced here”.धेरैजसो कार्यकाल कसरी अन्त्य भए (राजीनामा, मत हार, गठबन्धन दलको समर्थन फिर्ता वा अदालतको आदेश) भन्ने यहाँ अझै स्रोतसहित छैन; ती पङ्क्तिमा “यहाँ अझै स्रोतसहित छैन” लेखिएको छ।
Which party and leader the Speaker has formally recognised as the main opposition in the current House is not yet recorded in our sources.हालको प्रतिनिधि सभामा सभामुखले कुन दल र नेतालाई प्रमुख प्रतिपक्षका रूपमा औपचारिक मान्यता दिनुभएको छ भन्ने हाम्रा स्रोतमा अझै छैन।
The party of each provincial Chief Minister is not yet recorded, so this page does not yet show which federal opposition parties lead provincial governments.हरेक प्रदेशका मुख्यमन्त्रीको दल अझै अभिलेखमा छैन, त्यसैले कुन सङ्घीय विपक्षी दलले प्रदेश सरकारको नेतृत्व गरेका छन् भन्ने यो पृष्ठमा अझै देखाइएको छैन।
Seat, minister and committee figures as recorded in the parliament directory on 2026-10-09.सिट, मन्त्री र समितिका अङ्क २०२६-१०-०९ मा संसद्को निर्देशिकामा अभिलेख भएअनुसार।
Last checked 2026-10-18 · Next scheduled check 2027-01-18
How we know this
Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministersप्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय:पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू (Former Prime Ministers) — source for the facts on this pageChecked2026-10-18
Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministersप्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय:Council of Ministers (cabinet table) — source for the facts on this pageChecked2026-10-11
Policy Nepal publishes only what official records state. We do not invent or estimate facts; where a record is missing or unclear, we say so.Listings last compiled2026-10-18. Our approach