Construction and real estateनिर्माण र घरजग्गा
Figures are taken from official documents with sources below; an editor is still reviewing this page. Where official figures disagree, both are listed.
Building houses, offices, roads, bridges and power plants, and buying, selling and renting land and buildings. Construction employs many workers, often seasonally, and depends heavily on government spending on infrastructure and on households building homes with remittance money. Land is also the main collateral for bank loans, so property prices affect the whole financial system.घर, कार्यालय, सडक, पुल र विद्युत्गृह बनाउने काम, र जग्गा तथा भवनको किनबेच र भाडा। निर्माण क्षेत्रले धेरै कामदारलाई प्रायः मौसमी रोजगारी दिन्छ, र यो पूर्वाधारमा सरकारी खर्च तथा विप्रेषणको पैसाले घर बनाउने घरधुरीमा धेरै निर्भर छ। बैंक कर्जाको मुख्य धितो पनि जग्गा भएकाले घरजग्गाको मूल्यले सम्पूर्ण वित्तीय प्रणालीलाई असर गर्छ। Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक · Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
In national accounts, 'real estate activities' includes the estimated rent that owner-occupiers would pay for their own homes, so it is larger than the market for buying and selling property. Employment shares come from the 2017/18 Labour Force Survey, the latest completed one. It counts only work for pay or profit, so family farming for the household's own food is not counted as employment.राष्ट्रिय लेखामा 'घरजग्गा कारोबार' भित्र आफ्नै घरमा बस्नेले तिर्नुपर्ने अनुमानित भाडासमेत पर्छ, त्यसैले यो घरजग्गा किनबेचको बजारभन्दा ठूलो देखिन्छ। रोजगारीको हिस्सा २०७४/७५ (२०१७/१८) को श्रमशक्ति सर्वेक्षणबाट लिइएको हो, जुन पछिल्लो पूरा भएको सर्वेक्षण हो। यसले ज्याला वा नाफाका लागि गरिएको काम मात्र गन्छ, त्यसैले घरकै खानाका लागि गरिने पारिवारिक खेती रोजगारीमा गनिँदैन।
- Outstanding creditबाँकी कर्जा62.9%६२.९%
What is changing?
- Construction shrank in FY 2022/23 and FY 2023/24 and has grown slowly since (0.96% in FY 2024/25, an estimated 2.21% in FY 2025/26); its share of the economy fell from 6.73% in FY 2016/17 to 5.52%. Federal capital spending fell again in FY 2025/26, while bank lending to the construction sector rose 18.6%.आ.व. २०२२/२३ र २०२३/२४ मा निर्माण क्षेत्र खुम्चियो र त्यसपछि बिस्तारै बढेको छ (आ.व. २०२४/२५ मा ०.९६ प्रतिशत, आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा अनुमानित २.२१ प्रतिशत); अर्थतन्त्रमा यसको हिस्सा आ.व. २०१६/१७ को ६.७३ प्रतिशतबाट ५.५२ प्रतिशतमा झरेको छ। आ.व. २०२५/२६ मा सङ्घीय पुँजीगत खर्च फेरि घट्यो, तर निर्माण क्षेत्रमा बैंक कर्जा १८.६ प्रतिशतले बढ्यो। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय · Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
What holds it back?
As documented by the official reviews and reports named beside each point.
- Government projects run late. The Auditor General's 63rd report found 782 contracts worth Rs 47.73 billion incomplete after extensions of up to 300%, and the Reform Commission says multi-year contract obligations exceed twice the federal capital budget.सरकारी आयोजना ढिला हुन्छन्। महालेखापरीक्षकको त्रिसट्ठीऔँ प्रतिवेदनले ३०० प्रतिशतसम्म म्याद थप्दा पनि रु. ४७ अर्ब ७३ करोडका ७८२ ठेक्का अपूरा रहेको पायो, र सुधार आयोगका अनुसार बहुवर्षीय ठेक्काको दायित्व सङ्घीय पुँजीगत बजेटको दोब्बरभन्दा बढी छ। Office of the Auditor General; High-Level Economic Reform Commissionमहालेखापरीक्षकको कार्यालय; उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोग Office of the Auditor Generalमहालेखा परीक्षकको कार्यालय · High-Level Economic Reform Commission
- High land prices and speculation: the Reform Commission says land prices raise the cost of production and housing, that the Land Use Act is largely unimplemented and that no housing programme serves middle-income families. With 62.9% of bank credit secured on land and buildings, a fall in property prices would hit banks.जग्गाको उच्च मूल्य र सट्टेबाजी: सुधार आयोगका अनुसार जग्गाको मूल्यले उत्पादन र आवासको लागत बढाएको छ, भू-उपयोग ऐन धेरै हदसम्म कार्यान्वयन भएको छैन र मध्यम आय भएका परिवारका लागि आवास कार्यक्रम छैन। बैंक कर्जाको ६२.९ प्रतिशत जग्गा र भवन धितोमा भएकाले घरजग्गाको मूल्य घटेमा बैंकमा असर पर्छ। High-Level Economic Reform Commission; Nepal Rastra Bankउच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोग; नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक High-Level Economic Reform Commission · Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
- Big urban projects stall: the new-cities programme, started in FY 2067/68 and now covering 54 planned cities estimated at Rs 1,178.68 billion, had no city completed, according to the Auditor General.ठूला सहरी आयोजना अड्किएका छन्: महालेखापरीक्षकका अनुसार आ.व. २०६७/६८ मा सुरु भई अहिले रु. ११ खर्ब ७८ अर्ब ६८ करोड अनुमानित ५४ सहर समेट्ने नयाँ सहर आयोजनामा एउटा पनि सहर पूरा भएको छैन। Office of the Auditor Generalमहालेखा परीक्षकको कार्यालय Office of the Auditor Generalमहालेखा परीक्षकको कार्यालय
- The World Bank attributes FY 2025/26 construction growth (2.2%) mainly to hydropower projects and expects private non-hydropower construction to stay weak; real-estate growth slowed in the first half of the year after mid-July 2025 restrictions on land plotting in municipalities without completed zoning, and the central bank froze loan classification for building and land-development firms.विश्व बैंकका अनुसार आ.व. २०२५/२६ को निर्माण वृद्धि (२.२ प्रतिशत) मुख्यतः जलविद्युत् आयोजनाले ल्याएको हो र जलविद्युत्बाहेकको निजी निर्माण कमजोर रहने अपेक्षा छ; क्षेत्र निर्धारण नसकेका नगरपालिकामा कित्ताकाटमा २०२५ जुलाई मध्यदेखि लगाइएको रोकपछि वर्षको पहिलो छमाहीमा घरजग्गा वृद्धि सुस्तायो, र केन्द्रीय बैंकले भवन निर्माण तथा जग्गा विकास कम्पनीको कर्जा वर्गीकरण स्थगित गर्यो। World Bankविश्व बैंक World Bank
Opportunities
- Housing need is large: the Reform Commission reports that only 28.30% of homes are fully suitable and proposes land pooling, rental housing, a national building policy, and turning the Town Development Fund into an urban development and housing bank.आवासको आवश्यकता ठूलो छ: सुधार आयोगका अनुसार २८.३० प्रतिशत घर मात्र पूर्ण रूपमा उपयुक्त छन्, र आयोगले जग्गा एकीकरण, भाडाको आवास, राष्ट्रिय भवन नीति र नगर विकास कोषलाई सहरी विकास तथा आवास बैंकमा बदल्ने प्रस्ताव गरेको छ। High-Level Economic Reform Commission
Which level of government is responsible?
The Constitution divides powers among the three levels of government in five lists: federal (Schedule 5), provincial (Schedule 6), shared by the federation and provinces (Schedule 7), local (Schedule 8) and shared by all three (Schedule 9). Each pillar page lists the items that cover it, in the words of the Law Commission's English translation.संविधानले तीन तहका सरकारबीच अधिकार पाँच सूचीमा बाँडेको छ: सङ्घ (अनुसूची ५), प्रदेश (अनुसूची ६), सङ्घ र प्रदेशको साझा (अनुसूची ७), स्थानीय तह (अनुसूची ८) र तीनै तहको साझा (अनुसूची ९)। हरेक आधारस्तम्भको पृष्ठमा त्यससँग सम्बन्धित सूचीका बुँदा दिइएका छन्।
| Level | What the Constitution lists |
|---|---|
| Federal government Schedule 5, item 20अनुसूची ५, बुँदा २० | National transportation policies, management of railways and national highwaysराष्ट्रिय यातायात नीति, रेल र राष्ट्रिय राजमार्गको व्यवस्थापन |
| Federal government Schedule 5, item 29अनुसूची ५, बुँदा २९ | Land use policies, human settlement development policies, tourism policies, environment adaptationभू-उपयोग नीति, बस्ती विकास नीति, पर्यटन नीति, वातावरण अनुकूलन |
| Provincial governments Schedule 6, item 12अनुसूची ६, बुँदा १२ | Provincial highwaysप्रदेश राजमार्ग |
| Provincial governments Schedule 6, item 16अनुसूची ६, बुँदा १६ | Management of land, land recordsजग्गा व्यवस्थापन, जग्गाको अभिलेख |
| Federal and provincial (shared) Schedule 7, item 6अनुसूची ७, बुँदा ६ | Acquisition, requisitioning of property and creation of right in propertyसम्पत्तिको अधिग्रहण, प्राप्ति र सम्पत्तिमा अधिकारको सिर्जना |
| Federal and provincial (shared) Schedule 7, item 24अनुसूची ७, बुँदा २४ | Land policies and laws relating theretoभूमि नीति र त्यससम्बन्धी कानून |
| Local governments Schedule 8, item 11अनुसूची ८, बुँदा ११ | Local roads, rural roads, agro-roads, irrigationस्थानीय सडक, ग्रामीण सडक, कृषि सडक, सिँचाइ |
| Local governments Schedule 8, item 14अनुसूची ८, बुँदा १४ | Distribution of house and land ownership certificatesघरजग्गा धनीपुर्जा वितरण |
Laws and institutions
- Building Act, 2055भवन ऐन, २०५५: Building codes and permits.भवन संहिता र अनुमति।
- Construction Business Act, 2055निर्माण व्यवसाय ऐन, २०५५: Licensing of construction firms.निर्माण व्यवसायीको इजाजत।
- Public Procurement Act, 2063सार्वजनिक खरिद ऐन, २०६३: How government contracts are awarded and managed.सरकारी ठेक्का कसरी दिने र व्यवस्थापन गर्ने।
- Land Acquisition Act, 2034जग्गा प्राप्ति ऐन, २०३४: Acquiring private land for public projects and compensation.सार्वजनिक आयोजनाका लागि निजी जग्गा प्राप्ति र मुआब्जा।
- Land Use Act, 2076भू-उपयोग ऐन, २०७६: Zoning of land for housing, farming, industry and other uses.आवास, कृषि, उद्योग र अन्य प्रयोजनका लागि भूमिको क्षेत्र निर्धारण।
- Ownership of Joint Housing Act, 2054संयुक्त आवास स्वामित्व ऐन, २०५४: Apartment ownership.अपार्टमेन्टको स्वामित्व।
- Right to Housing Act, 2075आवासको अधिकारसम्बन्धी ऐन, २०७५: State duties on housing for people without homes.आवासविहीनका लागि आवाससम्बन्धी राज्यको दायित्व।
Each law page sets out what the law says and the gaps, conflicts and loopholes we have documented in it.
Who runs it
- Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport; Ministry of Urban Developmentभौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय; सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय: Public works, housing and urban planning.सार्वजनिक निर्माण, आवास र सहरी योजना।
- Local governmentsस्थानीय सरकार: Building permits and land records services.भवन निर्माण अनुमति र जग्गा अभिलेख सेवा।
- Public Procurement Monitoring Officeसार्वजनिक खरिद अनुगमन कार्यालय: Procurement rules and monitoring.खरिद नियम र अनुगमन।
What the budget and government plans say
- Budget 2083/84: integrated online land administration in 35 municipalities with Landowner Identification Numbers; Vision Kathmandu 2040; mandatory insurance when approving building construction (paras 22, 50(l), 60(e)).बजेट २०८३/८४: जग्गाधनी परिचय नम्बरसहित ३५ नगरपालिकामा एकीकृत अनलाइन भूमि प्रशासन; भिजन काठमाडौँ २०४०; भवन निर्माण स्वीकृत गर्दा बीमा अनिवार्य (अनुच्छेद २२, ५० (ठ), ६० (ङ))। Ministry of Financeअर्थ मन्त्रालय
What official reviews recommend
Recommendations are listed as their authors made them. Policy Nepal does not endorse them.
- Supply land through the National Housing Company to keep land-price rises in single digits; licensed agents for land deals; land banks; a procurement cadre and an Infrastructure Development Authority; pay contractors within 15 days; no new road projects until current ones are finished (pp. 196-197, 248-253, 263-265).जग्गाको मूल्यवृद्धि एक अङ्कमा राख्न राष्ट्रिय आवास कम्पनीमार्फत जग्गा आपूर्ति; जग्गा कारोबारमा इजाजतप्राप्त एजेन्ट; भूमि बैङ्क; खरिद समूह र पूर्वाधार विकास प्राधिकरण; १५ दिनभित्र ठेकेदारलाई भुक्तानी; चालु सडक सम्पन्न नभएसम्म नयाँ सडक आयोजना नथाल्ने (पृ. १९६–१९७, २४८–२५३, २६३–२६५)। High-Level Economic Reform Commissionउच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोग High-Level Economic Reform Commission
Related national pride projects
Each project page shows what it is meant to deliver and every official figure on its cost, spending, progress and completion date.
- Melamchi Water Supply Project (Phase I)मेलम्ची खानेपानी आयोजना (प्रथम चरण) Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- Kathmandu Valley Bulk Water Distribution Project (Second)काठमाण्डौं उपत्यका थोक खानेपानी प्रसारण आयोजना (दोश्रो) Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- Pushpalal (Mid-Hill) Highway Projectपुष्पलाल (मध्यपहाडी) राजमार्ग आयोजना Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- Postal Highway Projectहुलाकी राजमार्ग आयोजना Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- North–South (Koshi) Road Projectउत्तर दक्षिण (कोशी) सडक योजना Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- North–South Kaligandaki Corridorउत्तर दक्षिण कालीगण्डकी कोरिडोर Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- North–South Karnali Corridorउत्तर दक्षिण कर्णाली कोरिडोर Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- East–West Electric Railwayपूर्व-पश्चिम विद्युतीय रेलमार्ग Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- Kathmandu–Terai/Madhesh Fast Track Road Projectकाठमाडौं-तराई/मधेश द्रुतमार्ग सडक आयोजना Under constructionनिर्माणाधीन
- Second International Airport (proposed at Nijgadh)दोस्रो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल (प्रस्तावित निजगढ) Construction not startedनिर्माण सुरु भएको छैन
- Pokhara Regional International Airportपोखरा क्षेत्रीय अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल Completedसम्पन्न
- Gautam Buddha International Airport, Bhairahawaगौतमबुद्ध अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल, भैरहवा Completedसम्पन्न
Status: National Planning Commissionराष्ट्रिय योजना आयोग (published 2026-07; आयोजना शुरु भएदेखि आ.व.२०८२/८३ सम्म). Last checked 2026-10-17 · Next scheduled check 2026-11-17
Related public issues
Questions to ask of any proposal
- Will the project be finished on time and within budget, and is the money for all its years already set aside?आयोजना समयमै र तोकिएको लागतमा सम्पन्न हुन्छ कि हुँदैन, र सबै वर्षका लागि रकम सुनिश्चित छ कि छैन?
- Who bears the cost if land prices fall: banks, depositors, borrowers or the government?जग्गाको मूल्य घटेमा खर्च कसले बेहोर्छ: बैंक, निक्षेपकर्ता, ऋणी वा सरकार?
- Does it make safe housing more affordable for ordinary families?यसले सामान्य परिवारका लागि सुरक्षित आवास सस्तो बनाउँछ कि बनाउँदैन?
- Are building codes and environmental rules (landslides, river mining) enforced?भवन संहिता र वातावरणीय नियम (पहिरो, नदीजन्य उत्खनन) लागू हुन्छन् कि हुँदैनन्?
Discuss this pillar
Last checked 2026-10-11 · Next scheduled check 2027-01-09. We check these figures every three months and whenever the Economic Survey, the budget, Nepal Rastra Bank’s annual report or the Auditor General’s annual report is published. A newer official figure is added beside the older one, so the history stays visible.
How we know this
- Nepal Rastra Bankनेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक: Current Macroeconomic and Financial Situation of Nepal — English (Based on Annual Data of 2025/26) Checked 2026-10-11
- Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepalअर्थ मन्त्रालय: Economic Survey 2025/26 (English unofficial translation of आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण २०८२/८३) Checked 2026-10-11
- Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepalअर्थ मन्त्रालय: Economic Survey 2025/26 (English unofficial translation of आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण २०८२/८३) Checked 2026-10-11
- Central Bureau of Statistics (now National Statistics Office), Government of Nepal: Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey 2017/18 Checked 2026-10-11
- Office of the Auditor General, Nepalमहालेखा परीक्षकको कार्यालय: महालेखापरीक्षकको त्रिसट्ठिऔं वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, सारांश-२०८३ (Auditor General's 63rd Annual Report, summary) Checked 2026-10-11
- High-Level Economic Reform Commission (उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोग), submitted to the Ministry of Finance: उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोगको प्रतिवेदन: आर्थिक सुधारको मार्गचित्र (Report of the High-Level Economic Reform Commission: roadmap for economic reform) Checked 2026-10-11
- High-Level Economic Reform Commission (उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोग), submitted to the Ministry of Finance: उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोगको प्रतिवेदन: आर्थिक सुधारको मार्गचित्र (Report of the High-Level Economic Reform Commission: roadmap for economic reform) Checked 2026-10-11
- Office of the Auditor General, Nepalमहालेखा परीक्षकको कार्यालय: महालेखापरीक्षकको त्रिसट्ठीऔँ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, २०८३ (63rd Annual Report of the Auditor General, 2083; audit of FY 2081/82) Checked 2026-10-11
- World Bank: Nepal Development Update: Building Back Differently for the Future (October 2026) Checked 2026-10-11
- World Bank: Nepal Development Update: Growth Under Pressure (April 2026) Checked 2026-10-11
- Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepalअर्थ मन्त्रालय: Budget Speech for Fiscal Year 2026/27 (2083/84), English unofficial translation Checked 2026-10-11
- Nepal Law Commission (Government of Nepal)नेपाल कानून आयोग: The Constitution of Nepal (English translation, incl. first and second amendments): Schedules 5–9 Checked 2026-10-18
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