Act

Water Resources Act, 1992

All laws Acts

Type
Act
Year
२०४९ BS · 1992 AD
Status
In force
Category
खण्ड १३: बन, वातावरण तथा जलस्रोत · Volume 13: Nature, Environment and Water Resources
Official text
Official page Official text (PDF)
English translation
Official English translation
Translations may not include later amendments. The Nepali text is the authoritative law.

Analysis drawn from official reports, court rulings and published research, each cited. Figures are being double-checked against the source documents; corrections are welcome.

What does it do?

  • The Act governs the use, conservation, management and development of all water in Nepal, on the surface, underground or in any other form, and aims to prevent environmental harm and pollution from its use. Ownership of water resources is vested in the State. No one may use water resources without a licence, except for drinking and household use, irrigating one's own land, running water mills as a cottage industry, local boat crossings, and using water confined within one's own land.यो ऐनले नेपालभित्र भू-सतह, भूमिगत वा अन्य जुनसुकै अवस्थामा रहेको जलस्रोतको समुचित उपयोग, संरक्षण, व्यवस्थापन र विकास तथा त्यसबाट हुने वातावरणीय र अन्य हानिकारक प्रभाव र प्रदूषण रोक्ने व्यवस्था गर्छ। जलस्रोतको स्वामित्व राज्यमा निहित हुन्छ। खानेपानी र घरेलु प्रयोग, आफ्नै जग्गाको सिँचाइ, घरेलु उद्योगका रूपमा घट्ट वा पानीघट्ट, स्थानीय आवतजावतका लागि डुंगा र आफ्नै जग्गाभित्र सीमित जलस्रोतको उपयोगबाहेक अनुमतिपत्र नलिई कसैले जलस्रोतको उपयोग गर्न पाउँदैन। Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal Preamble, p. 1; Sections 2–4, pp. 2–3
  • Water must be allocated in a fixed order of priority: drinking and household use first, then irrigation, agricultural uses such as livestock and fish farming, hydropower, cottage and other industries and mining, water transport, recreation, and other uses. Disputes over use are decided by a designated committee whose decision is binding. People wishing to use water collectively can form registered water users' associations, which are autonomous corporate bodies and can take over and run projects the government has built.जलस्रोतको उपयोग तोकिएको प्राथमिकताक्रम अनुसार गर्नुपर्छ: पहिले खानेपानी र घरेलु उपयोग, त्यसपछि सिँचाइ, पशुपालन र मत्स्यपालनजस्ता कृषिजन्य उपयोग, जलविद्युत्, घरेलु तथा औद्योगिक व्यवसाय र खानीजन्य उपयोग, जल यातायात, आमोदप्रमोद र अन्य उपयोग। उपयोगमा विवाद भए तोकिएको समितिले निर्णय गर्छ, र त्यो सबैलाई मान्य हुन्छ। सामूहिक लाभका लागि जलस्रोत उपयोग गर्न चाहनेले जल उपभोक्ता संस्था गठन गरी दर्ता गराउन सक्छन्; यस्ता संस्था स्वशासित संगठित संस्था हुन्, र सरकारले बनाएका आयोजना हस्तान्तरण लिएर सञ्चालन गर्न सक्छन्। Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal Sections 5–7, pp. 3–4; Section 11, p. 6
  • Licences to survey or use water are issued by the designated authority, in line with the priority order, within 30 days for surveys and 120 days for use; licence holders pay fees and need approval to transfer a licence. Licences for hydropower are governed by the electricity law, but other aspects of water use for hydropower fall under this Act. The government may develop water resources itself, take over privately developed water works for wider public use with compensation, contract domestic or foreign parties to develop them, and, by Gazette notice, let provinces and local governments make their own laws on drinking water, hydropower and irrigation within set limits.जलस्रोतको सर्वेक्षण वा उपयोगको अनुमतिपत्र तोकिएको अधिकारीले प्राथमिकताक्रमअनुसार सर्वेक्षणका हकमा ३० दिन र उपयोगका हकमा १२० दिनभित्र दिन्छ; अनुमतिपत्रवालाले दस्तुर तिर्नुपर्छ र अनुमतिपत्र हस्तान्तरण गर्न स्वीकृति लिनुपर्छ। जलविद्युत्का लागि अनुमतिपत्र विद्युत्सम्बन्धी कानूनअनुसार हुन्छ, तर जलविद्युत् उत्पादनका क्रममा जलस्रोतको उपयोगसम्बन्धी अन्य कुरा यसै ऐनअनुसार हुन्छन्। नेपाल सरकार आफैँ जलस्रोतको विकास गर्न, व्यापक सार्वजनिक उपयोगका लागि अरूले बनाएका संरचना क्षतिपूर्ति दिई लिन, स्वदेशी वा विदेशी पक्षसँग करार गरी विकास गराउन, र राजपत्रमा सूचना प्रकाशित गरी तोकिएको सीमाभित्र प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहलाई खानेपानी, जलविद्युत् र सिँचाइसम्बन्धी आफ्नै कानून बनाउन दिन सक्छ। Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal Sections 8–10A, pp. 4–6; Section 12, p. 7
  • The government sets water-quality standards and pollution tolerance limits; no one may pollute water beyond those limits with waste, industrial effluent or other substances, and water users must avoid significant environmental harm such as erosion, floods and landslides. Licence holders and the government can enter or acquire land for dams, canals, tanks and similar works, with compensation. A licence can be cancelled if breaches are not corrected after notice. Designated officials can fine offenders up to Rs 5,000 and order compensation, with heavier penalties for theft or deliberate damage to water infrastructure; appeals go to the High Court within 35 days.नेपाल सरकारले जलस्रोतको गुणस्तर र प्रदूषण सहनसीमा तोक्छ; त्यो सीमाभन्दा बढी हुने गरी फोहरमैला, औद्योगिक निकास वा अन्य पदार्थ हाली जलस्रोत प्रदूषित गर्न पाइँदैन, र जलस्रोत उपयोग गर्दा भू-क्षय, बाढी, पहिरोजस्ता उल्लेखनीय वातावरणीय असर पर्न दिनुहुँदैन। बाँध, नहर, ट्याङ्कीजस्ता संरचनाका लागि सरकार वा अनुमतिपत्रवालाले क्षतिपूर्ति दिई अरूको घरजग्गा प्रयोग वा प्राप्त गर्न सक्छन्। सूचना दिँदा पनि सुधार नगरेमा अनुमतिपत्र खारेज हुन सक्छ। तोकिएको अधिकारीले कसुरदारलाई पाँच हजार रुपैयाँसम्म जरिबाना गर्न र क्षतिपूर्ति भराउन सक्छ; जलस्रोतसम्बन्धी संरचनाको चोरी वा बदनियतपूर्वक क्षति गरेमा थप सजाय हुन्छ; सजायउपर ३५ दिनभित्र उच्च अदालतमा पुनरावेदन लाग्छ। Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal Sections 15–23, pp. 7–10

Gaps, loopholes and improvement ideas

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