Question 1 What is the issue, and why does it matter?
Of the Rs 40.45 billion FY 2083/84 budget, the province expects Rs 5.50 billion from its own revenue, Rs 12.87 billion from revenue sharing, Rs 9.12 billion as a federal equalization grant, Rs 5.95 billion as conditional grants, Rs 0.84 billion as complementary and Rs 0.55 billion as special grants, Rs 0.41 billion from royalties, Rs 0.20 billion by direct payment, and Rs 5 billion from its cash balance.1
The choice is how to improve outcomes in this province, who benefits first, and which institution can act. The figures below belong to the stated reporting period; they are not a real-time measure of today’s conditions.
Question 2 What do current law and policy say?
Tourism policy is federal (Schedule 5, item 29); tax on tourism is provincial (Schedule 6, item 4); tourism is federal–provincial concurrent (Schedule 7, item 18); local levels may levy a tourism fee (Schedule 8, item 4). Royalties from natural resources are shared under federal law on the Fiscal Commission's recommendation.23
The federation gives equalization grants based on expenditure need and revenue capacity on the Fiscal Commission's recommendation; each province must in turn pass fiscal transfers to its local levels under provincial law (Article 60(4)–(5)).43
Criminal law is federal (Schedule 5, item 30) and the Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act is enforced by the Home Ministry; drugs are federal–provincial concurrent (Schedule 7, item 9), where federal law prevails (Article 57(6)). Excise is federal (Schedule 5, item 9) and liquor licences are issued under the federal Liquor Act.2567
Provincial executive power rests with the Council of Ministers. The Chief of Province (governor) performs constitutional and legal functions, generally on the Council’s recommendation and consent; the governor is not the department delivering these services. Provincial revenue and expenditure estimates go to the Provincial Assembly.8
Question 3 What is known, uncertain or disputed?
Known
Of the Rs 40.45 billion FY 2083/84 budget, the province expects Rs 5.50 billion from its own revenue, Rs 12.87 billion from revenue sharing, Rs 9.12 billion as a federal equalization grant, Rs 5.95 billion as conditional grants, Rs 0.84 billion as complementary and Rs 0.55 billion as special grants, Rs 0.41 billion from royalties, Rs 0.20 billion by direct payment, and Rs 5 billion from its cash balance.1
Nationally, the federal government transferred 91.44 per cent of the equalization grants budgeted for provinces in FY 2082/83, which the Fiscal Commission says affected provincial budget implementation. Koshi collected 86.96 per cent of its FY 2082/83 vehicle-tax target.3
Uncertain
A province-wide number does not identify the worst-served wards or prove the same problem in every municipality. Before spending, establish a current local baseline, service quality, staffing, access barriers and the full operating cost.
Disputed
The policy choice is how to balance universal access, concentrated investment, affordability and fiscal sustainability. The alternatives below are Policy Nepal’s discussion options derived from the problem evidence, not claims that officials or parties have endorsed them.
Questions 4–5 What are the options, and what do they cost and achieve?
Options are listed in no particular order. Policy Nepal does not recommend one; real policies often combine them.
A
Repair delivery and accounting before expanding projects13
Publish the status of existing commitments, procurements, unpaid liabilities and audit observations, then fund completion of viable works and resolve documentation gaps.
Benefits
- Makes unfinished work and unresolved observations visible without treating every irregularity as corruption.
Costs
- Requires technical staff, reliable asset and contract registers, and timely accounts.
Trade-offs
- Stopping weak projects can be politically difficult; faster spending is not necessarily better value.
What does implementation require?
- Assign each observation to an accountable office, record recovery or regularisation separately, and publish completion evidence alongside expenditure.
Improve project selection and realistic revenue planning13
Choose projects with designs, land arrangements, procurement readiness and operating budgets; base revenue estimates on collectable resources and legal tax powers.
Benefits
- Can reduce abandoned assets, overlapping schemes and mid-year funding gaps.
Costs
- Preparation and appraisal require upfront staff time and funding.
Trade-offs
- Stronger own revenue must not impose arbitrary fees or exclude poor households from essential services.
What does implementation require?
- Publish appraisal criteria, approved budgets and quarterly physical progress; compare like-for-like fiscal years and mark partial audits.
Combining options
Start with a verified baseline and maintenance of functioning services, then test additional investment against the same outcomes. Publish who pays for capital costs, recurring costs and any household charges; an unfunded operating plan is not a sustainable solution.
Question 6 Who is responsible?
Shared
Tourism and mountaineeringTourism policy is federal (Schedule 5, item 29); tax on tourism is provincial (Schedule 6, item 4); tourism is federal–provincial concurrent (Schedule 7, item 18); local levels may levy a tourism fee (Schedule 8, item 4). Royalties from natural resources are shared under federal law on the Fiscal Commission's recommendation.23
Shared
Money for provinces and local levelsThe federation gives equalization grants based on expenditure need and revenue capacity on the Fiscal Commission's recommendation; each province must in turn pass fiscal transfers to its local levels under provincial law (Article 60(4)–(5)).43
Shared
Cannabis and liquorCriminal law is federal (Schedule 5, item 30) and the Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act is enforced by the Home Ministry; drugs are federal–provincial concurrent (Schedule 7, item 9), where federal law prevails (Article 57(6)). Excise is federal (Schedule 5, item 9) and liquor licences are issued under the federal Liquor Act.2567
Provincial
Chief Minister, Council of Ministers and Provincial AssemblyProvincial executive power rests with the Council of Ministers. The Chief of Province (governor) performs constitutional and legal functions, generally on the Council’s recommendation and consent; the governor is not the department delivering these services. Provincial revenue and expenditure estimates go to the Provincial Assembly.8
Question 7 What have parties and leaders said and done?
What was said or promised is shown apart from what was recorded as done. Every entry needs a dated source. A missing entry means the position is not established, not that someone opposes or is neutral.
This dossier presents official evidence and research options. It does not assign a position to a chief minister, governor, mayor or political party without a dated source specific to this issue.
Said or promised
Position not established in reviewed sources.
Recorded actions and outcomes
Position not established in reviewed sources.
Question 8 What would progress look like, and when do we check again?
IndicatorLatest official figureOfficial targetRevisit
Completed and functioning projects compared with money spent13
Not established
No official target found
2026-10-20
Audit observations resolved by recovery, regularisation or advance settlement13
Not established
No official target found
2026-10-20
Sources
Grouped by type of evidence. Government plans show what government intends; they are not proof of results. Party material shows what a party says.
Constitution & law
- The Constitution of Nepal (English translation, incl. first and second amendments), Schedules 5–9 — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, Gazette publication 20 September 2015 (2072/06/03); amended 2016 and 2020. Schedule 5 (federal powers), pp. 193–195; Schedule 6 (provincial powers), pp. 196–197; Schedule 7 (federal–provincial concurrent powers), pp. 198–199; Schedule 8 (local powers), pp. 200–201; Schedule 9 (concurrent powers of all three levels), p. 202. Item numbers are given in each statement that cites this source.. Checked 2026-10-11
- The Constitution of Nepal (English translation, incl. first and second amendments) — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, Gazette publication 20 September 2015 (2072/06/03); amended 2016 and 2020. Part 5, Article 60(4)–(5) (equalization grants from the federation; provinces to distribute fiscal transfers to local levels), p. 36; Article 60(8), p. 37. Checked 2026-10-11
- The Constitution of Nepal (English translation, incl. first and second amendments) — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, Gazette publication 20 September 2015 (2072/06/03); amended 2016 and 2020. Part 5, Article 57(1)–(7) (distribution of state power; provincial or local law inconsistent with federal law invalid to that extent), pp. 34–35. Checked 2026-10-11
- लागू औषध (नियन्त्रण) ऐन, २०३३ (Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 / 1976) — consolidated Nepali text — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, Royal seal 2033/06/10; amended eight times, most recently in 2072. Section 4 (prohibitions; 4(a) cultivation, production, sale, purchase and consumption of cannabis), pp. 5–6; Section 14 (penalties by quantity), pp. 11–14. Checked 2026-10-11
- मदिरा ऐन, २०३१ (Liquor Act, 2031) — consolidated Nepali text — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, 2031/06/20 BS; consolidated text incorporates ten amending Acts, the latest the Finance Act 2083 (2083/03/30). Section 3 (no production without licence), p. 4; Section 3A (३क: production, branding and regulation of local liquor as prescribed), p. 4; Section 4 (no sale without licence), p. 4; Section 7 (no licence needed to make raksi or jaand in prescribed quantities for private use), p. 5. Checked 2026-10-11
- Constitution of Nepal, English translation with first and second amendments — Nepal Law Commission. Articles 162, 166, 207–208; Schedules 6–9. English translation; Nepali text authoritative.. Checked 2026-10-13
Government plans & policy
- आर्थिक वर्ष २०८३/८४ को बजेट वक्तव्य (Budget statement FY 2083/84), presented by Minister Bidur Kumar Linthep — Ministry of Economic Affairs and Planning, Koshi Province, 2083 Asar 1 (15 June 2026). Paras 6–11 (growth, GDP, share of national agricultural production, per capita income, poverty, forest), printed pp. 3–5 (PDF pp. 5–7); para 14 (irrigation), printed p. 6; para 16 (registered small, cottage and micro industries and firms), printed p. 7; para 18 (net enrolment), printed pp. 7–8; para 19 (spending to end of Baisakh 2083), printed pp. 8–9; challenges list (क)–(झ), printed pp. 10–12; para 36 (disaster mapping and early warning), printed p. 20; para 55 (people's hydropower), printed p. 26; para 60 (river control), printed p. 29; paras 69, 71–75 (tourism), printed pp. 33–36; paras 106–107, 110 (agriculture), printed pp. 46–48; para 136 (budget size and composition), printed p. 56; para 137 (sources), printed p. 57; paras 146, 150–151 (land-registration fee concessions), printed pp. 61–63. Checked 2026-10-11
Official data
- राष्ट्रिय प्राकृतिक स्रोत तथा वित्त आयोग आठौं वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, २०८३ (Eighth Annual Report, 2083) — National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission, Government of Nepal, 2083 BS. Executive summary, PDF pp. 15–16: vehicle-tax collection by province FY 2082/83 and non-distribution by Madhesh and Karnali; equalization grants FY 2082/83 (91.44% transferred to provinces) and FY 2083/84; province-to-local equalization grants FY 2083/84 and transfers FY 2082/83 (Madhesh 80.97%); royalty FY 2081/82 by province and type. Checked 2026-10-11
Change history
- 2026-10-13 — Expanded the province challenge into the same eight-question format as national issues. (Regional issues deserve equally accessible evidence, options, responsibilities and tracking. Original dates and sources retained; policy options are editorial proposals.)
