Question 1 What is the issue, and why does it matter?
In FY 2081/82 the province spent 69.42 per cent of its budget, and 58.53 per cent of what it spent came from what the Auditor General calls the province's internal sources, the rest from the federal government. It collected 81.52 per cent of the revenue it had estimated. In the first eight months of FY 2082/83, federal grants were 46.46 per cent of the resources the province raised, and it had spent 23.56 per cent of its budget. For FY 2083/84 it plans to borrow Rs 1.75 billion domestically to close a gap. The Auditor General also found Rs 51.8 million of vehicle tax held in the provincial divisible fund that had not been shared with local levels as the law requires.12
The choice is how to improve outcomes in this province, who benefits first, and which institution can act. The figures below belong to the stated reporting period; they are not a real-time measure of today’s conditions.
Question 2 What do current law and policy say?
Federal: Tourism policy, tourism fee, international airports, national parks, wildlife reserves and conservation policy (Sch. 5 items 9, 19, 27, 29). Provincial: Tax on tourism (Sch. 6 item 4); tourism is concurrent with the federation (Sch. 7 item 18). Local: Tourism fee (Sch. 8 item 4); tourism fee also shared by all three levels (Sch. 9 item 6).3
Federal: Criminal law and excise duty (Sch. 5 items 9, 30); the Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act and Liquor Act are federal laws. Provincial: 'Drugs and pesticides' are concurrent with the federation (Sch. 7 item 9) and must not conflict with federal law (Art. 57(6)); agriculture and industry are provincial (Sch. 6 item 20). Local: Local market management (Sch. 8 item 10); the Gandaki cannabis Act requires consultation with local levels before zones are set.345
Federal: National highways (Sch. 5 item 20); equalization and other grants on the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission's recommendation (Art. 60). Provincial: Provincial highways (Sch. 6 item 12); disaster preparedness and response concurrent with the federation (Sch. 7 item 17). Local: Local and rural roads (Sch. 8 item 11); disaster management (Sch. 8 item 20; Sch. 9 item 9).34
Provincial executive power rests with the Council of Ministers. The Chief of Province (governor) performs constitutional and legal functions, generally on the Council’s recommendation and consent; the governor is not the department delivering these services. Provincial revenue and expenditure estimates go to the Provincial Assembly.6
Question 3 What is known, uncertain or disputed?
Known
In FY 2081/82 the province spent 69.42 per cent of its budget, and 58.53 per cent of what it spent came from what the Auditor General calls the province's internal sources, the rest from the federal government. It collected 81.52 per cent of the revenue it had estimated. In the first eight months of FY 2082/83, federal grants were 46.46 per cent of the resources the province raised, and it had spent 23.56 per cent of its budget. For FY 2083/84 it plans to borrow Rs 1.75 billion domestically to close a gap. The Auditor General also found Rs 51.8 million of vehicle tax held in the provincial divisible fund that had not been shared with local levels as the law requires.12
Uncertain
A province-wide number does not identify the worst-served wards or prove the same problem in every municipality. Before spending, establish a current local baseline, service quality, staffing, access barriers and the full operating cost.
Disputed
The policy choice is how to balance universal access, concentrated investment, affordability and fiscal sustainability. The alternatives below are Policy Nepal’s discussion options derived from the problem evidence, not claims that officials or parties have endorsed them.
Questions 4–5 What are the options, and what do they cost and achieve?
Options are listed in no particular order. Policy Nepal does not recommend one; real policies often combine them.
A
Repair delivery and accounting before expanding projects12
Publish the status of existing commitments, procurements, unpaid liabilities and audit observations, then fund completion of viable works and resolve documentation gaps.
Benefits
- Makes unfinished work and unresolved observations visible without treating every irregularity as corruption.
Costs
- Requires technical staff, reliable asset and contract registers, and timely accounts.
Trade-offs
- Stopping weak projects can be politically difficult; faster spending is not necessarily better value.
What does implementation require?
- Assign each observation to an accountable office, record recovery or regularisation separately, and publish completion evidence alongside expenditure.
Improve project selection and realistic revenue planning12
Choose projects with designs, land arrangements, procurement readiness and operating budgets; base revenue estimates on collectable resources and legal tax powers.
Benefits
- Can reduce abandoned assets, overlapping schemes and mid-year funding gaps.
Costs
- Preparation and appraisal require upfront staff time and funding.
Trade-offs
- Stronger own revenue must not impose arbitrary fees or exclude poor households from essential services.
What does implementation require?
- Publish appraisal criteria, approved budgets and quarterly physical progress; compare like-for-like fiscal years and mark partial audits.
Combining options
Start with a verified baseline and maintenance of functioning services, then test additional investment against the same outcomes. Publish who pays for capital costs, recurring costs and any household charges; an unfunded operating plan is not a sustainable solution.
Question 6 Who is responsible?
Shared
Tourism, national parks and conservation areasFederal: Tourism policy, tourism fee, international airports, national parks, wildlife reserves and conservation policy (Sch. 5 items 9, 19, 27, 29). Provincial: Tax on tourism (Sch. 6 item 4); tourism is concurrent with the federation (Sch. 7 item 18). Local: Tourism fee (Sch. 8 item 4); tourism fee also shared by all three levels (Sch. 9 item 6).3
Shared
Cannabis and liquor regulationFederal: Criminal law and excise duty (Sch. 5 items 9, 30); the Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act and Liquor Act are federal laws. Provincial: 'Drugs and pesticides' are concurrent with the federation (Sch. 7 item 9) and must not conflict with federal law (Art. 57(6)); agriculture and industry are provincial (Sch. 6 item 20). Local: Local market management (Sch. 8 item 10); the Gandaki cannabis Act requires consultation with local levels before zones are set.345
Shared
Roads, disasters and moneyFederal: National highways (Sch. 5 item 20); equalization and other grants on the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission's recommendation (Art. 60). Provincial: Provincial highways (Sch. 6 item 12); disaster preparedness and response concurrent with the federation (Sch. 7 item 17). Local: Local and rural roads (Sch. 8 item 11); disaster management (Sch. 8 item 20; Sch. 9 item 9).34
Provincial
Chief Minister, Council of Ministers and Provincial AssemblyProvincial executive power rests with the Council of Ministers. The Chief of Province (governor) performs constitutional and legal functions, generally on the Council’s recommendation and consent; the governor is not the department delivering these services. Provincial revenue and expenditure estimates go to the Provincial Assembly.6
Question 7 What have parties and leaders said and done?
What was said or promised is shown apart from what was recorded as done. Every entry needs a dated source. A missing entry means the position is not established, not that someone opposes or is neutral.
This dossier presents official evidence and research options. It does not assign a position to a chief minister, governor, mayor or political party without a dated source specific to this issue.
Said or promised
Position not established in reviewed sources.
Recorded actions and outcomes
Position not established in reviewed sources.
Question 8 What would progress look like, and when do we check again?
IndicatorLatest official figureOfficial targetRevisit
Completed and functioning projects compared with money spent12
Not established
No official target found
2026-10-20
Audit observations resolved by recovery, regularisation or advance settlement12
Not established
No official target found
2026-10-20
Sources
Grouped by type of evidence. Government plans show what government intends; they are not proof of results. Party material shows what a party says.
Constitution & law
- The Constitution of Nepal (English translation, as amended by the Second Amendment, 2020), Schedules 4–9 — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, Promulgated 20 September 2015; amended 28 February 2016 and 18 June 2020 (as stated in the document). Schedule 4, list for 'Province No. 4', pp. 190–192; Schedule 5 (federal) items 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, pp. 193–195; Schedule 6 (provincial) items 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, pp. 196–197; Schedule 7 (federal–provincial concurrent) items 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 23, 25, pp. 198–199; Schedule 8 (local) items 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, pp. 200–201; Schedule 9 (all three levels) items 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, p. 202. Checked 2026-10-11
- The Constitution of Nepal (English translation, as amended by the Second Amendment, 2020): Articles 57, 60, 201 and 304 — Nepal Law Commission, Government of Nepal, Promulgated 20 September 2015; amended 2016 and 2020. Art. 57(6), pp. 34–35; Art. 60, pp. 36–37; Art. 201(2)–(4), pp. 102–103; Art. 304(1) and proviso, pp. 179–180. Checked 2026-10-11
- औषधिजन्य तथा औद्योगिक प्रयोजनको लागि गाँजा खेती (नियमन र उपयोग) ऐन, २०८३ — authenticated bill text — Provincial Assembly Secretariat, Gandaki Province, Authentication copy dated 2083/04/15 BS (from the file name). Preamble and s. 1(2) (commencement on a date fixed by Provincial Gazette notice), p. 1; s. 3 (cultivation zones designated by the provincial government after consulting local levels), p. 3; s. 4 (licence required; THC limit of 0.3 per cent, except under full provincial government control for medicine production for export or research), p. 3; s. 10 (five-year licence), p. 7; s. 18 (regulation unit under the ministry), p. 12; ss. 25–27 (use only for licensed purpose; ban on harmful varieties; rehabilitation centres), p. 16; s. 29 (export, sale and foreign investment to follow federal law), s. 30 (taxed as agricultural income), p. 17. Checked 2026-10-11
- Constitution of Nepal, English translation with first and second amendments — Nepal Law Commission. Articles 162, 166, 207–208; Schedules 6–9. English translation; Nepali text authoritative.. Checked 2026-10-13
Government plans & policy
- आर्थिक वर्ष २०८३/८४ को बजेट वक्तव्य (Budget speech FY 2083/84), presented by Economic Affairs Minister Jit Bahadur Sherchan — Ministry of Economic Affairs, Gandaki Province Government, 2083 Asar 1 BS (cover). Paras 9–12 (growth 4.83% vs national 3.68%; per-capita income US$1,651; spending and grant share in first eight months), printed p. 3 (PDF p. 4); paras 48–53 (tourism target, industrial areas, home-made liquor and cannabis regulation), printed pp. 11–12 (PDF pp. 12–13); paras 123–124 (total Rs 32.9999 billion; current/capital split; sources incl. Rs 1.75 billion internal borrowing), printed pp. 23–24 (PDF pp. 24–25). Checked 2026-10-11
Official data
- महालेखापरीक्षकको त्रिसट्ठीऔँ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, २०८३ (63rd Annual Report of the Auditor General, 2083): chapter 'प्रदेश मन्त्रालय तथा निकाय' (provincial ministries and bodies) and start of the local-level chapter — Office of the Auditor General, Nepal, 2083 BS (released 2026-05-18); audits FY 2081/82. Provincial chapter: para 3 (Provincial Consolidated Fund spending by province), printed p. 903; para 4 (vehicle tax not distributed), p. 904; para 11 (provincial laws passed and pending), p. 905; para 13 (fiscal transfers by province) and para 14 (revenue estimate vs receipts), p. 906; para 16 (budget vs spending) and para 18 (spending from internal sources), pp. 907–908; para 21 (duplicate structures) and para 22 (consolidated financial reports not prepared), p. 909; para 26 (irregularities by province), p. 911. Local-level chapter para 3 (local levels per province), pp. 911–912. Checked 2026-10-11
Change history
- 2026-10-13 — Expanded the province challenge into the same eight-question format as national issues. (Regional issues deserve equally accessible evidence, options, responsibilities and tracking. Original dates and sources retained; policy options are editorial proposals.)
