Act

Health Insurance Act, 2017

All laws Acts

Type
Act
Year
२०७४ BS · 2017 AD
Status
In force
Category
खण्ड १५: स्वास्थ्य · Volume 15: Health
Official text
Official page Official text (PDF)

Used on our issue pages

Analysis drawn from official reports, court rulings and published research, each cited. Figures are being double-checked against the source documents; corrections are welcome.

What does it do?

  • Every Nepali citizen must join the health insurance programme, with the family as the unit. Guardians must enrol newborns, children, senior citizens, people with disabilities and others who cannot act for themselves; institutions such as old-age homes and orphanages must enrol residents; public servants and families of migrant workers must enrol; and prescribed organisations must enrol their staff. Each enrolled family gets an insurance certificate listing services and contributions.प्रत्येक नेपाली नागरिक स्वास्थ्य बीमा कार्यक्रममा आबद्ध हुनुपर्छ, र परिवारलाई इकाई मानिन्छ। नवजात शिशु, बालबालिका, ज्येष्ठ नागरिक, अपाङ्गता भएका र आफैँ आबद्ध हुन नसक्नेलाई संरक्षकले; वृद्धाश्रम, अनाथालय जस्ता संस्थामा आश्रितलाई संस्थाले आबद्ध गराउनुपर्छ; राष्ट्रसेवक र वैदेशिक रोजगारमा गएका कामदारका परिवार पनि आबद्ध हुनुपर्छ; र तोकिएका संस्थाले आफ्ना कर्मचारीलाई आबद्ध गराउनुपर्छ। आबद्ध परिवारलाई सेवा र योगदान खुलेको बीमा लेख दिइन्छ। Nepal Law Commission Sections 3–4, p. 3
  • Insurance covers promotive services (yoga, nutrition education, counselling), preventive services (vaccination, family planning, safe motherhood), curative care (outpatient, inpatient, emergency, surgery, medicines, assistive devices), rehabilitation and ambulance services; expensive glasses and hearing aids beyond a set price, plastic surgery and artificial insemination are excluded. Free basic health services under other laws continue. Contributions and co-payments are set by regulation and linked to annual income, and the federal, provincial and local governments pay contributions for the poor and other target groups.बीमाले प्रवर्द्धनात्मक (योग, पोषण शिक्षा, परामर्श), प्रतिकारात्मक (खोप, परिवार नियोजन, सुरक्षित मातृत्व), उपचारात्मक (बहिरङ्ग, भर्ना, आकस्मिक, शल्यक्रिया, औषधि, सहायक उपकरण), पुनर्स्थापना र एम्बुलेन्स सेवा समेट्छ; तोकिएभन्दा महँगा चस्मा र श्रवणयन्त्र, प्लास्टिक सर्जरी र कृत्रिम गर्भाधान समेटिँदैनन्। अन्य कानूनबमोजिम पाइने निःशुल्क आधारभूत स्वास्थ्य सेवा जारी रहन्छ। योगदान र सहभुक्तानी नियमावलीले वार्षिक आयसमेतका आधारमा तोक्छ, र विपन्न तथा लक्षित वर्गको योगदान सङ्घ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय सरकारले व्यहोर्छन्। Nepal Law Commission Sections 5–7, pp. 3–4
  • Hospitals and clinics must sign five-year agreements with the Health Insurance Board to serve insured people, and each local level must have at least one government 'first service point'. Insured people must go first to that facility and be referred onward when needed. The Board pays providers by capitation, case rate, fee-for-service or other prescribed methods, and must cancel agreements with providers that do not renew on time, fail to provide services, repeatedly breach terms, or submit false claims.बीमितलाई सेवा दिन अस्पताल र स्वास्थ्य संस्थाले स्वास्थ्य बीमा बोर्डसँग पाँच वर्षे सम्झौता गर्नुपर्छ, र हरेक स्थानीय तहमा कम्तीमा एक सरकारी "प्रथम सेवा बिन्दु" हुनुपर्छ। बीमितले पहिले त्यहीँबाट सेवा लिनुपर्छ र आवश्यक परे प्रेषण गरिन्छ। बोर्डले क्यापिटेशन, प्रतिकेस दर, प्रतिसेवा शुल्क वा तोकिएका अन्य आधारमा भुक्तानी गर्छ, र समयमा नवीकरण नगर्ने, सेवा नदिने, सर्त बारम्बार उल्लङ्घन गर्ने वा झुटो दाबी गर्ने सेवा प्रदायकसँगको सम्झौता रद्द गर्छ। Nepal Law Commission Sections 9–12, pp. 5–6
  • The Health Insurance Board, an autonomous body with a government-appointed chair, ministry and finance officials, experts and insured members (with at least three women), sets insurance policy, service standards and payment rates, manages the Health Insurance Fund (which cannot be frozen) and monitors providers; it is run by an executive director with a four-year term. Insured people may complain within 90 days about denied or poor service; the Board can fine a provider Rs 15,000–25,000 and pass it to the patient as compensation, fine providers up to Rs 500,000 for other violations, and recover losses from members who misuse cards, with appeal to the High Court within 35 days.सरकारले नियुक्त गरेका अध्यक्ष, मन्त्रालय र अर्थ मन्त्रालयका प्रतिनिधि, विज्ञ र बीमित सदस्य (कम्तीमा तीन महिला) रहने स्वशासित स्वास्थ्य बीमा बोर्डले बीमा नीति, सेवाको स्तर र भुक्तानी दर तोक्छ, स्वास्थ्य बीमा कोष (जुन रोक्का गर्न पाइँदैन) सञ्चालन गर्छ र सेवा प्रदायकको अनुगमन गर्छ; यसको प्रशासन चार वर्षे कार्यकालका कार्यकारी निर्देशकले चलाउँछन्। सेवा नपाएका वा गुणस्तरहीन सेवा पाएका बीमितले ९० दिनभित्र उजुरी दिन सक्छन्; बोर्डले सेवा प्रदायकलाई पन्ध्र हजारदेखि पच्चीस हजार रुपैयाँसम्म जरिवाना गरी बीमितलाई क्षतिपूर्ति भराउन, अन्य उल्लङ्घनमा पाँच लाखसम्म जरिवाना गर्न, र बीमा सुविधा दुरुपयोग गर्ने बीमितबाट हानि असुल गर्न सक्छ; निर्णयउपर ३५ दिनभित्र उच्च अदालतमा पुनरावेदन लाग्छ। Nepal Law Commission Sections 13–15, 20, pp. 6–10; Sections 27–30, pp. 13–14; Sections 31–33, p. 14

Gaps, loopholes and improvement ideas

  • Not enforced Enrolment is compulsory in law but most people are not covered. Although the programme has reached all 77 districts and 753 local levels, the Auditor General found that by Ashadh 2082 only 5,970,403 people — about 20% of the population — and about a third of households were active members, against the Board's own 2079/80 target of 50% of the population. Coverage ranged from 35.72% in Gandaki to 7.58% in Madhesh, the second most populous province.कानूनले अनिवार्य गरे पनि अधिकांश नागरिक बीमाको दायरामा छैनन्। कार्यक्रम ७७ वटै जिल्ला र ७५३ स्थानीय तहमा पुगे पनि महालेखापरीक्षकका अनुसार २०८२ असार मसान्तसम्म ५९,७०,४०३ जना (जनसङ्ख्याको करिब २० प्रतिशत) र करिब एकतिहाइ परिवार मात्र सक्रिय रूपमा आबद्ध थिए, जबकि बोर्डको २०७९/८० को लक्ष्य जनसङ्ख्याको ५० प्रतिशत थियो। आबद्धता गण्डकीमा ३५.७२ प्रतिशत र दोस्रो ठूलो जनसङ्ख्या भएको मधेशमा ७.५८ प्रतिशत मात्र थियो। Office of the Auditor General, Nepal · Office of the Auditor General, Nepal OAG 63rd report, MoHP chapter, Health Insurance Board para 46, printed pp. 536–537 (PDF pp. 568–569); performance audit 'Effectiveness of the health insurance programme', para 2.1, printed pp. 667–668 (PDF pp. 703–704); HIA ss. 3–4, p. 3
  • Capacity The scheme is not financially sustainable and pays providers late. The Fund (Section 27) depends heavily on government grants: spending was 129% of income in 2079/80 and 124% in 2080/81, and members' premiums covered only 14.78% to 27.67% of total spending. Regulations require claims to be paid within 15 days of assessment, but approved claims of Rs 18.65 billion were unpaid, and the Board carried an estimated Rs 19.43 billion liability for 2081/82 into the next year; several hospitals' records of what they are owed differ from the Board's.बीमा कार्यक्रम आर्थिक रूपमा दिगो छैन र सेवा प्रदायकलाई ढिलो भुक्तानी हुन्छ। कोष (दफा २७) सरकारी अनुदानमा धेरै निर्भर छ: २०७९/८० मा खर्च आम्दानीको १२९ प्रतिशत र २०८०/८१ मा १२४ प्रतिशत थियो, र कुल खर्चमा बीमितको प्रिमियमको हिस्सा १४.७८ देखि २७.६७ प्रतिशत मात्र रह्यो। नियमावलीले दाबी मूल्याङ्कनको १५ दिनभित्र भुक्तानी गर्नुपर्ने भने पनि स्वीकृत दाबीमध्ये रु. १८ अर्ब ६४ करोड भुक्तानी बाँकी थियो, र २०८१/८२ को अनुमानित रु. १९ अर्ब ४२ करोड दायित्व अर्को वर्ष सारिएको थियो; केही अस्पतालको अभिलेख र बोर्डको अभिलेखमा बाँकी रकम फरक छ। Office of the Auditor General, Nepal · Office of the Auditor General, Nepal OAG 63rd report, HIB para 47, printed p. 537 (PDF p. 569); performance audit paras 1, 3–4, printed pp. 666–670 (PDF pp. 702–706); HIA ss. 7, 11, 27, pp. 4–5, 13
  • Capacity Leadership has changed frequently. Section 20 gives the executive director a four-year term, but the Auditor General counted about 10 executive directors, including acting ones, in roughly ten years since 2072, and said frequent changes created uncertainty in decision-making and affected service delivery.नेतृत्व छिटोछिटो परिवर्तन भएको छ। दफा २० ले कार्यकारी निर्देशकको कार्यकाल चार वर्ष तोकेको छ, तर २०७२ देखि करिब दश वर्षमा निमित्त र कायममुकायमसहित १० जना कार्यकारी निर्देशक भएको र छिटोछिटो परिवर्तनले निर्णय प्रक्रियामा अनिश्चितता र सेवा प्रवाहमा प्रतिकूल असर परेको महालेखापरीक्षकले उल्लेख गरेका छन्। Office of the Auditor General, Nepal · Nepal Law Commission OAG 63rd report, performance audit para 5, printed p. 670 (PDF p. 706); HIA s. 20, p. 9
  • Capacity Insured patients often do not get the medicines they are entitled to. In an Auditor General survey of 150 insured patients at Bir, Patan, Sukraraj Tropical and other Kathmandu Valley hospitals, 19% got all prescribed medicines through insurance, 73% only some and 8% none; most of those who bought medicines outside spent up to Rs 20,000 a year, and some Rs 50,000–100,000.बीमितले पाउनुपर्ने औषधि प्रायः पाउँदैनन्। वीर, पाटन, शुक्रराज ट्रपिकललगायत उपत्यकाका अस्पतालमा १५० बीमितमाझ महालेखापरीक्षकले गरेको सर्वेक्षणमा १९ प्रतिशतले सबै औषधि बीमाबाट पाएको, ७३ प्रतिशतले आंशिक र ८ प्रतिशतले कुनै पनि नपाएको बताए; बाहिरबाट औषधि किन्नेमध्ये अधिकांशले वार्षिक बीस हजार रुपैयाँसम्म र केहीले पचास हजारदेखि एक लाखसम्म खर्च गरेका थिए। Office of the Auditor General, Nepal · Nepal Law Commission OAG 63rd report, performance audit paras 6.1–6.3, printed pp. 670–671 (PDF pp. 706–707); HIA s. 5(1)(c), p. 4

Ideas to fix it

  • Widen coverage and raise the share of premiums in total spending, review premiums over time, enforce co-payment and adopt effective cost controls; pay claims within the time set by the rules; and keep the executive director in post for the full term.बीमाको दायरा बढाई कुल खर्चमा प्रिमियमको हिस्सा बढाउने, समयानुकूल प्रिमियम पुनरावलोकन गर्ने, सहभुक्तानी प्रभावकारी बनाउने र खर्च नियन्त्रणका प्रभावकारी उपाय अपनाउने; नियमावलीले तोकेको समयमै दाबी भुक्तानी गर्ने; र कार्यकारी निर्देशकको कार्यकाल सुनिश्चित गर्ने। Proposed by: Office of the Auditor General (63rd Annual Report, performance audit of the health insurance programme) Office of the Auditor General, Nepal

Where does it conflict with other laws?

No conflict with another law is documented in the sources we have reviewed so far.

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