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Act

Cooperatives Act, 2048 BS

English title translated by Policy Nepal for navigation. The Nepali legal text is authoritative.

Type
Act
Year
२०४८ BS
Status
Repealed
Official text
Official page Official text (PDF)

Nepali checked by an AI editor; native review pending

The explanation below cites its sources. A summary does not establish that gaps or conflicts have been fully reviewed. Corrections with supporting sources are welcome.

What does it do?

Summary updated 2026-10-25

  • This is a historical summary of the Cooperatives Act, 2048, using the Law Commission's consolidated edition. Its first page records royal seal and publication on 2049/2/2 as Act No. 8 of 2049 and lists four amending Acts, the last dated 2072/11/13. The catalogue records the Act as repealed from the Law Commission's repealed-laws listing; this edition does not state when or by what it was repealed, so no repeal date or successor is inferred here. Amended wording should not be read as the original 2048 text, and nothing here describes how cooperatives are regulated today.यो सहकारी ऐन, २०४८ को ऐतिहासिक सारांश हो, जसको आधार कानून आयोगको एकीकृत संस्करण हो। पहिलो पृष्ठमा २०४९/२/२ मा लालमोहर र प्रकाशन भएको २०४९ सालको ऐन नं. ८ भनी उल्लेख छ र २०७२/११/१३ सम्मका चार संशोधन गर्ने ऐन सूचीकृत छन्। कानून आयोगको खारेज भएका कानूनको सूचीका आधारमा क्याटलगमा यो ऐन खारेज भएको उल्लेख छ; यो संस्करणले कहिले वा कुन कानूनबाट खारेज भयो भन्दैन, त्यसैले खारेजी मिति वा उत्तराधिकारी कानून अनुमान गरिएको छैन। संशोधित शब्दलाई मूल २०४८ को पाठ वा आज सहकारी कसरी नियमन हुन्छ भन्ने विवरणका रूपमा बुझ्नु हुँदैन। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Source accessed 2026-10-25 Title page, amendment list, preamble and section 1, PDF p.1; repeal status from catalogue
  • The preamble aimed the Act at farmers, artisans, people with little capital or low income, workers, the landless, the unemployed and social workers organising cooperatives for mutual economic and social development. A primary cooperative needed at least 25 members; a subject-specific union needed at least five such cooperatives; a district union at least five cooperatives or unions; a central union at least 25 subject-specific cooperatives or five subject unions; and a national union at least fifteen unions. Only one district union per district, and one subject or central union of the same kind, could be formed. Members applied to the registrar with two copies of the bylaws, a work plan and share details; the registrar checked the bylaws against cooperative principles, could ask for corrections within 15 days, and could refuse registration if they were not made within 35 days, with a complaint to the Government available.प्रस्तावनाले कृषक, कालीगढ, कम पुँजीवाल र निम्न आयवर्ग, श्रमिक, भूमिहीन, बेरोजगार र सामाजिक कार्यकर्ताले पारस्परिक सहयोगका आधारमा आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक विकासका लागि सहकारी संस्था गठन गर्ने व्यवस्थालाई लक्ष्य बनाएको थियो। प्रारम्भिक संस्थामा कम्तीमा पच्चीस सदस्य; विषयगत संघमा कम्तीमा पाँच संस्था; जिल्ला सहकारी संघमा कम्तीमा पाँच संस्था वा संघ; केन्द्रीय सहकारी संघमा कम्तीमा पच्चीस विषयगत संस्था वा पाँच विषयगत संघ; र राष्ट्रिय सहकारी संघमा कम्तीमा पन्ध्र संघ चाहिन्थ्यो। एउटै जिल्लामा एकभन्दा बढी जिल्ला संघ, र एकै प्रकृतिका एकभन्दा बढी विषयगत वा केन्द्रीय संघ गठन गर्न पाइँदैनथ्यो। सदस्यले दुई प्रति विनियम, कार्ययोजना र शेयर विवरणसहित रजिष्ट्रारसमक्ष दरखास्त दिनुपर्थ्यो; रजिष्ट्रारले विनियम सहकारी सिद्धान्तअनुरूप छ कि छैन जाँची पन्ध्र दिनभित्र संशोधन माग्न र पैँतीस दिनभित्र संशोधन नभए दर्ता अस्वीकार गर्न सक्थ्यो; त्यसमा चित्त नबुझे सरकारसमक्ष उजुर गर्न सकिन्थ्यो। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Source accessed 2026-10-25 Preamble, PDF p.1; sections 3-6, pp.2-3
  • A registered cooperative or union was a corporate body with limited liability, and its name had to include the word for cooperative and end with 'Limited'. Nepali citizens living in its area could join by buying shares and accepting the bylaws; refused applicants could complain to the general meeting, whose decision was final. Bylaws took effect when the registrar approved them and were amended by two thirds of members present at a general meeting, with a 51 per cent attendance requirement for that purpose. The general meeting approved accounts, elected the board and accounts committee and decided removals, restructuring, merger or dissolution. Boards could serve at most five years and had to hold elections before their term ended; otherwise the registrar had to hold one within six months. Five per cent of members could move to remove a board member or dissolve the board, which a majority of the general meeting could pass.दर्ता भएको संस्था वा संघ सीमित दायित्व भएको सङ्गठित संस्था हुन्थ्यो र नाममा 'सहकारी' तथा अन्तमा 'लिमिटेड' शब्द हुनुपर्थ्यो। कार्यक्षेत्रभित्र बसोबास गर्ने नेपाली नागरिक शेयर खरिद गरी र विनियम स्वीकार गरी सदस्य हुन सक्थे; सदस्यता अस्वीकार भए साधारण सभामा उजुर गर्न सकिन्थ्यो र त्यसको निर्णय अन्तिम हुन्थ्यो। रजिष्ट्रारले स्वीकृत गरेपछि विनियम लागू हुन्थ्यो र साधारण सभामा उपस्थित सदस्यको दुई तिहाइ बहुमतले संशोधन हुन्थ्यो, जसका लागि एकाउन्न प्रतिशत उपस्थिति चाहिन्थ्यो। साधारण सभाले हिसाब अनुमोदन, सञ्चालक समिति र लेखा समितिको निर्वाचन तथा हटाउने, विभाजन, एकीकरण वा विघटनको निर्णय गर्थ्यो। समितिको कार्यावधि पाँच वर्षभन्दा बढी हुँदैनथ्यो र अवधि सकिनुअघि निर्वाचन गराउनुपर्थ्यो; नगराए रजिष्ट्रारले छ महिनाभित्र गराउनुपर्थ्यो। पाँच प्रतिशत सदस्यले समिति सदस्य निष्कासन वा समिति विघटनको प्रस्ताव राख्न र साधारण सभाको बहुमतले पारित गर्न सक्थ्यो। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Source accessed 2026-10-25 Sections 7-20, PDF pp.3-8
  • Cooperatives raised capital by selling shares; no single person or body other than the Government or a government-owned body could hold more than 20 per cent, and each member had one vote however many shares they held. With government approval, up to 20 per cent could be sold to foreign cooperatives that were members of the International Co-operative Alliance. Issuing bonds or borrowing from foreign banks needed government approval, and the Government could guarantee such debt on conditions. As amended, cooperatives could take savings from and lend to their members; other banking business limited to members needed Nepal Rastra Bank approval and compliance with its directions, and cooperatives together could set up a cooperative bank registered on the central bank's recommendation. A quarter of net savings went to a reserve fund, share dividends were capped at 15 per cent of share capital a year, and donations to political parties or religious bodies, contracts with board or staff members, and auctioning a member's shares for outside debts were barred.संस्थाले शेयर बिक्री गरी पुँजी सङ्कलन गर्थ्यो; नेपाल सरकार वा सरकारी स्वामित्वको निकायबाहेक एकै व्यक्ति वा संस्थाले कुल शेयर पुँजीको बीस प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी लिन पाउँदैनथ्यो र जति शेयर भए पनि सदस्यले एक व्यक्ति एक मत मात्र पाउँथे। सरकारको स्वीकृतिमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सहकारी महासंघको सदस्य विदेशी सहकारीलाई बढीमा बीस प्रतिशत शेयर बेच्न सकिन्थ्यो। ऋणपत्र जारी गर्न वा विदेशी बैङ्कबाट ऋण लिन सरकारको स्वीकृति चाहिन्थ्यो र सरकारले शर्तसहित सुरक्षण दिन सक्थ्यो। संशोधनपछि संस्थाले आफ्ना सदस्यबाट बचत लिन र सदस्यलाई कर्जा दिन सक्थ्यो; सदस्यभित्रै सीमित अन्य बैङ्किङ कारोबारका लागि नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकको पूर्वस्वीकृति र निर्देशन पालना चाहिन्थ्यो, र संस्थाहरू मिली राष्ट्र बैंकको सिफारिसमा दर्ता हुने सहकारी बैङ्क स्थापना गर्न सक्थे। खुद बचतको एक चौथाइ जगेडा कोषमा जान्थ्यो, वार्षिक शेयर लाभांश शेयर पुँजीको पन्ध्र प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी हुँदैनथ्यो, र राजनीतिक दल वा धार्मिक संस्थालाई चन्दा, समिति वा कर्मचारीलाई ठेक्का र बाहिरी ऋणका लागि सदस्यको शेयर लिलाम गर्न रोक थियो। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Source accessed 2026-10-25 Sections 23-30, PDF pp.8-10, with first-amendment footnote to section 26
  • Cooperatives had to keep minutes and accounts, file an annual report with the audit report, savings-distribution plan, board list and meeting date, and have each year's accounts audited within three months by a registered auditor approved by the registrar (the same auditor at most three times in a row). On a petition by five per cent of members or poor business performance, the registrar could investigate, and could inspect and advise. The Act exempted cooperatives from registering transaction documents other than those on immovable property, waived certain fees, freed traded goods from local tax, and let the Government grant customs, sales-tax or excise relief by Gazette notice. The registrar could recover unpaid loans and embezzled property by auctioning a debtor's assets, and a cooperative ranked first after any government claim. A two-thirds vote could dissolve a cooperative; the registrar could also cancel registration of one that had been inactive for two years or acted against its objectives, and appoint a liquidator.संस्थाले निर्णय र लेखाको अभिलेख राख्नुपर्थ्यो, लेखापरीक्षण प्रतिवेदन, बचत वितरण योजना, सञ्चालकको सूची र साधारण सभाको मितिसहित वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन पेस गर्नुपर्थ्यो र प्रत्येक वर्षको हिसाब तीन महिनाभित्र रजिष्ट्रारले स्वीकृति दिएको दर्तावाला लेखापरीक्षकबाट जाँच गराउनुपर्थ्यो (एउटै लेखापरीक्षक लगातार तीनपटकभन्दा बढी नहुने)। पाँच प्रतिशत सदस्यको निवेदन वा कारोबार सन्तोषजनक नभएमा रजिष्ट्रारले सोधपुछ, निरीक्षण र सुझाव दिन सक्थ्यो। ऐनले लिखत रजिष्ट्रेसन र केही दस्तुरमा छुट दिएको, कारोबारका वस्तुमा स्थानीय कर नलाग्ने बनाएको र राजपत्र सूचनाबाट भन्सार, बिक्रीकर वा अन्तःशुल्कमा छुट दिन सक्ने व्यवस्था गरेको थियो। बाँकी ऋण वा हिनामिना भएको सम्पत्ति रजिष्ट्रारले ऋणीको जायजेथा लिलाम गरी असुल गर्न सक्थ्यो र सरकारी दाबीपछि संस्थाले अग्राधिकार पाउँथ्यो। दुई तिहाइ बहुमतले संस्था विघटन गर्न सक्थ्यो; लगातार दुई वर्ष निष्क्रिय रहेको वा उद्देश्यविपरीत काम गरेको संस्थाको दर्ता रजिष्ट्रारले खारेज गरी लिक्विडेटर नियुक्त गर्न सक्थ्यो। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Source accessed 2026-10-25 Sections 32-42, PDF pp.11-14
  • Failing to file the annual report or information could bring a fine of up to Rs 1,500 by the registrar's order; trading under the cooperative name without registration brought up to Rs 2,000, and up to Rs 5,000 for each repeat. Appeals against cancellation or these fines went to the High Court within 35 days. Only registered cooperatives could use the word for cooperative or its English equivalent in a business name. Section 47's heading and text name the Company Act, 2021 as not applying to cooperatives, while the editorial note at the foot of the page records a substitution of the Company Act, 2053 by 2063; that discrepancy is reported as printed and not resolved here. Section 49 repealed the Sajha Institutions Act, 2041 and treated bodies registered under it as registered under this Act.वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन वा जानकारी नदिए रजिष्ट्रारको आदेशले एक हजार पाँच सय रुपैयाँसम्म जरिबाना हुन्थ्यो; दर्ता नगरी सहकारी नामबाट व्यापार गरे दुई हजार रुपैयाँसम्म र दोहोर्‍याए प्रत्येकपटक पाँच हजार रुपैयाँसम्म जरिबाना हुन्थ्यो। दर्ता खारेजी वा यी जरिबानाउपर पैँतीस दिनभित्र उच्च अदालतमा पुनरावेदन लाग्थ्यो। दर्ता भएका संस्थाबाहेक अरूले नाममा 'सहकारी' वा त्यसको अङ्ग्रेजी रूपान्तर राखी व्यापार गर्न पाउँदैनथे। दफा ४७ को शीर्षक र पाठमा कम्पनी ऐन, २०२१ लागू नहुने लेखिएको छ, तर पृष्ठको द्रष्टव्यमा कम्पनी ऐन, २०५३ को सट्टा २०६३ राखिएको उल्लेख छ; यो फरक छापिएअनुसार उल्लेख गरिएको हो, यहाँ समाधान गरिएको छैन। दफा ४९ ले साझा संस्था ऐन, २०४१ खारेज गरी त्यसअन्तर्गत दर्ता भएका संस्थालाई यसै ऐनबमोजिम दर्ता भएको मानेको थियो। Nepal Law Commissionनेपाल कानून आयोग Source accessed 2026-10-25 Sections 43-49 and editorial note, PDF pp.14-15

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